scholarly journals The Tripping Point – Minimum Planting Widths for Small-Stature Trees in Dense Urban Developments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K. Koeser ◽  
Richard J. Hauer ◽  
Deborah R. Hilbert ◽  
Robert J. Northrop ◽  
Hunter Thorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Small Stature ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sufficient Space

As urban development increases in density, the space to grow urban trees becomes more constrained. In heavily developed areas, small stature trees can be planted to reduce both above- and below-ground conflicts with infrastructure elements. However, even these species have their limits when placed in extremely confining conditions. In this study, we build on past work to determine the minimum planting widths of small stature urban trees. We found that species, stem diameter, and the height at which stem diameter measurements occurred were all strong predictors of trunk flare diameter (adjusted R2 of 0.843). Additionally, we modelled the relationship between planting space and the presence or absence of hardscape conflicts – using the predictions derived from this effort to project the potential cost savings in two United States cities. Study results provide a guideline to create sufficient space for urban trees and minimize infrastructure damage and associated cost savings.

Stability of sodium bicarbonate injection 8.4% in syringes over a six-week period in refrigerated temperature

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack T Seki ◽  
Tian Q Wang ◽  
Paul M Yip ◽  
Tony Mazzulli ◽  
Mark D Minden
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Venous Catheter ◽  
Fibrin Clot ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Study Results

Background Dysfunctional central venous catheter prohibits the administration of potential life-saving chemotherapy and the delivery of essential supportive care needs to patients. Sodium bicarbonate injection has been shown to impede against fibrin clot formation and prolong prothrombin time and thrombin clotting time. Sodium bicarbonate injection has been tried as a second-line agent with good results in a small number of patients (internal data not published) when alteplase failed. We assessed whether the pre-filled sodium bicarbonate injection in 5 mL syringes would not only preserve sterility and retain its pH and concentration but also amount to the potential cost savings for future use when stored in a refrigerated environment. Methodology Twelve pre-filled 5 mL syringes were prepared aseptically, of which four each were tested for pH, sodium bicarbonate injection concentration and sterility when stored in refrigerated temperature over a six-week period. A standard pH meter, enzymatic carbon dioxide analyzer, and a 14-day incubation for microbial detection were employed for this study. Results Sodium bicarbonate concentration measured in the form of carbon dioxide ranged from 923 mmol/L or (1846 mosol/L) to 1006 mmol/L or (2012 mosmol/L), and pH ranged from (7.88 to 8.05) were reported over the duration of the study period. The 14-day incubation period resulted in no microbial growth. Conclusion Our study results have indicated that the pH and sodium bicarbonate injection concentration values were stable and within range, comparable to those reported by the manufacturer within the study period. The contents of the subdivided sodium bicarbonate injection 5 mL syringes retained sterility over a 14-day incubation period.

scholarly journals Potential Cost Savings With Low-Dose Abiraterone in the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 743-744
Author(s):  
Naveen Premnath ◽  
Ramy Sedhom ◽  
Arjun Gupta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Potential Cost

An Application of Quadratic Programming to Electrical Energy Production

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
N D Uri
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Quadratic Programming ◽  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Societal Welfare ◽  
Electrical Energy Production

The issue that is addressed concerns the potential cost savings to a portion of the United States if the economic advantages some regions possess in generating electrical energy are passed on to other regions. The basic conclusions include the argument that a misallocation of electrical energy among consumer sectors exists, that societal welfare could be increased if the industry were to operate from an aggregate power-system viewpoint, and finally that the industry, in the aggregate, is charging a price in excess of the marginal cost of supplying electrical energy.

scholarly journals The role of cognitive bandwidth in more cost-effective CT scan usage: A study in reducing “prevention costs”

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Ramesh Madhavan ◽  
Camelia Arsene ◽  
Sanjeev Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Preventative Care ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Ct Head ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Research has shown preventative care measures aimed at reducing healthcare costs can actually increase them. The objective of this study was to observe the relationship between cognitive capacity and preventative CT scan use relative to best practice. Methods: Conducted in July 2012, the study involved a retrospective analysis of 825 consecutive head CT examinations performed over one month by ED physicians crossing three shifts in a large Detroit medical center. Military Acuity Model data mining and modeling techniques were used to examine the relationship between CT head yield to order timing in terms of cognitive capacity and decision fatigue relative to health risk reconciliation. Results: The study showed the number of CT scans ordered increased as physician shifts progressed, while the test value to clinical management decreased. Cognitive capacity was assumed to be at its highest at the start of physician shifts (when Decision Fatigue was lowest); Results indicated physicians were better able to evaluate CT scan use risks and trade-offs. Translating the study results into actual dollar amounts showed an opportunity cost of 26.7%, or more than $43,000 per month, for CT head/brain scan use alone. Conclusions: Ensuring the management of CT scan usage at the levels of efficiency demonstrated when the study physicians were performing at the level of their In-House Best Practice, is critical to maintaining high levels of patient care at the least possible cost. There is more than $1 million in potential annual cost savings attributable to this phenomenon of cognitive bandwidth affecting radiology decision-making for the average U.S. hospital. 

Reinventing Distribution

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-78
Author(s):  
Lea Shaver
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hard Copy ◽  
Digital Content ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Children’S Homes

This chapter covers the difficulties of distributing books, especially developing countries that contend with limited transportation infrastructure and unreliable postal systems. From Pratham Books' perspective, “Creating access is infinitely harder than creating books,” Suzanne Singh states plainly. It explains how postal systems offer a convenient and cost-effective way to deliver hard-copy books. In the United States, Imagination Library spends pennies per book to ship directly to children's homes. The trade-off, however, is that the recipients have no ability to select particular books of interest. The chapter also explains how digital technology offers to make books “magically appear” in a different way. For charities looking to make their budgets stretch, these potential cost savings are significant and very attractive. For this reason, literacy charities in the developing world are increasingly emphasizing digital content.

scholarly journals The Effects of COVID-19 Quarantine on Online Exam Cheating: A Test of COVID-19 Theoretical Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yousif Abdelrahim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
University Students ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Research Question ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Cheating Behavior ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to quantitatively test the newly developed theoretical framework model for the relationship between COVID-19, stress, anxiety, and university students' online exam cheating in the United States of America during COVID-19. The newly developed model primarily explains how COVID-19 quarantine influences university students' levels of anxiety and stress, and therefore, influences the frequency of online exam cheating behavior among college students. The researcher collected primary data of 251 male and female university students in the United States of America via Survey Monkey and tested the six hypotheses using the structural modeling equation technique. The study results confirm that COVID-19 quarantine has a significant relationship with stress and anxiety. The relationship between COVID-19 quarantine and stress is more significant than the relationship between COVID-19 quarantine and anxiety. The results also validate the significant and positive relationship between COVID-19 quarantine and stress and COVID-19 quarantine and anxiety. COVID-19 quarantine causes more anxiety than stress among university students, influencing students' behavior to cheat more on online exams. Theoretically, this study Translates a qualitative research question from a prior study that developed the COVID-19 theoretical framework into an accurate prediction of anticipated outcomes. This study also develops a conceptual framework for the relationship between COVID-19, anxiety, stress, and online exam cheating. Besides, this study refined six hypotheses from previously generated propositions. Finally, the study results could be used as general guidelines for university educators and administrators when thinking and deciding on exams, assignments, and how to monitor online exams.

Abusive Men's Use of Children to Control Their Partners and Ex-Partners

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa L. Beeble ◽  
Deborah Bybee ◽  
Cris M. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
The Relationship

While research has found that millions of children in the United States are exposed to their mothers being battered, and that many are themselves abused as well, little is known about the ways in which children are used by abusers to manipulate or harm their mothers. Anecdotal evidence suggests that perpetrators use children in a variety of ways to control and harm women; however, no studies to date have empirically examined the extent of this occurring. Therefore, the current study examined the extent to which survivors of abuse experienced this, as well as the conditions under which it occurred. Interviews were conducted with 156 women who had experienced recent intimate partner violence. Each of these women had at least one child between the ages of 5 and 12. Most women (88%) reported that their assailants had used their children against them in varying ways. Multiple variables were found to be related to this occurring, including the relationship between the assailant and the children, the extent of physical and emotional abuse used by the abuser against the woman, and the assailant's court-ordered visitation status. Findings point toward the complex situational conditions by which assailants use the children of their partners or ex-partners to continue the abuse, and the need for a great deal more research in this area.

Inequality in the Promised Land

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-180
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sharif Uddin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Minority Students ◽  
Doctoral Dissertation ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Suburban Area ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
Promised Land ◽  
Land Race ◽  
The Relationship

Inequality in the promised land: Race, resources, and suburban schooling is a well-written book by L’ Heureux Lewis-McCoy. The book is based on Lewis-McCoy’s doctoral dissertation, that included an ethnographic study in a suburban area named Rolling Acres in the Midwestern United States. Lewis-McCoy studied the relationship between families and those families’ relationships with schools. Through this study, the author explored how invisible inequality and racism in an affluent suburban area became the barrier for racial and economically minority students to grow up academically. Lewis-McCoy also discovered the hope of the minority community for raising their children for a better future.

The United States and the Iranian Nuclear Programme

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hurst
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nixon Administration ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nuclear Issue ◽  
The Relationship

The United States, Iran and the Bomb provides the first comprehensive analysis of the US-Iranian nuclear relationship from its origins through to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015. Starting with the Nixon administration in the 1970s, it analyses the policies of successive US administrations toward the Iranian nuclear programme. Emphasizing the centrality of domestic politics to decision-making on both sides, it offers both an explanation of the evolution of the relationship and a critique of successive US administrations' efforts to halt the Iranian nuclear programme, with neither coercive measures nor inducements effectively applied. The book further argues that factional politics inside Iran played a crucial role in Iranian nuclear decision-making and that American policy tended to reinforce the position of Iranian hardliners and undermine that of those who were prepared to compromise on the nuclear issue. In the final chapter it demonstrates how President Obama's alterations to American strategy, accompanied by shifts in Iranian domestic politics, finally brought about the signing of the JCPOA in 2015.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document