scholarly journals Estimating the Volcanic Ash Plume Course, PM2.5 Emissions, and Environmental Impacts Based on the December 4, 2021, Mount Semeru Eruption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andri Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Volcanic Material ◽  
The North ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ash Plume ◽  
North And South

Recently on the December 4, 2021 at 03:00 PM, 3676 m high Mount Semeru located in the East parts of Java Island has erupted. To our best knowledge, an immediate and rapid systematic analysis of the volcanic ash plume courses, PM2.5 emissions, and environmental impacts based on Mount Semeru eruption has not been implemented so far. Then, this research aims to provide and fill the research gap on the rapid assessment of recent Mount Semeru eruption. From the result, it is clearly visible that for 12 hours the volcanic ash plume course was eastward. The volcanic ash plume can travel a distance of 0–10 km to the North and South directions, and more than 10 km to the East direction. The size of the volcanic ash plume was large at 02:00 AM on December 5, 2021. The smallest size of a volcanic ash plume was recorded at 09:00 PM on December 4, 2021. Most parts of the ash plume (55.98%) or equals 39.01 km2 contain fallen volcanic material amounts ranged from 1 kg/m2 to 10 kg/m2. The fallen volcanic material amount peaked between 08:00 PM and 11:00 PM. Based on the estimation, the PM2.5 content in the atmosphere increased after the eruption. The mean of PM2.5 before the eruption was 48.5 ± 19.3(95%CI: 29.2 to 67.8 ug/m3). While after eruption the mean of PM2.5 was 79.4 ± 32.2(95%CI: 47.2 to112 ug/m3). It indicated that the Mount Semeru eruption has increased the PM2.5 equals 63.65%.

scholarly journals The Distal and Local Volcanic Ash in the Late Pleistocene Sediments of the Termination I Interval at the Reykjanes Ridge, North Atlantic, Based on the Study of the Core AMK-340

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 379
Author(s):  
Matul ◽  
Gablina ◽  
Khusid ◽  
Libina ◽  
Mikhailova
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Younger Dryas ◽  
Quaternary Sediments ◽  
Reykjanes Ridge ◽  
Volcanic Material ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian Research

We made the geochemical analysis of the volcanic material from the sediment core AMK-340 (the Russian research vessel “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh” station 340), the central zone of the Reykjanes Ridge. Two ash-bearing sediment units within the interval of the Termination I can be detected. They correlate with the Ash Zone I in the North Atlantic Late Quaternary sediments having an age of 12,170–12,840 years within the Younger Dryas cold chronozone and 13,600–14,540 years within the Bølling–Allerød warm chronozone. The ash of the Younger Dryas unit is presented mostly by the mafic and persilicic material originated from the Icelandic volcanoes. One sediment sample from this unit contained Vedde Ash material. The ash of the Bølling–Allerød unit is presented mostly by the mafic shards which are related to the basalts of the rift zone on the Reykjanes Ridge, having presumably local origin. Possible detection of Vedde Ash could help to specify the timing of the previously reconstructed paleoceanographic changes for the Termination I in the point of the study: significant warming in the area might have occurred as early as 300 years before the end of the conventional Younger Dryas cold chronozone.

scholarly journals Explaining Cultural Capital through Combining Different Dimensions of Social Capital: A Fussy Analysis Based on Artificial Neural Network Approach (ANNFIS) (A Case Study of Citizens Aged 18 and Above in Tehran)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Ghorbanali Ebrahimi ◽  
Hadi Razeghimaleh
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
North And South

<p>The main objective of this study was to find out whether social capital and its dimensions affect the cultural capital of citizens in Tehran, and whether there is any difference in the social capital and cultural capital in the north and south urban neighborhoods. To answer these questions, a fuzzy questionnaire for collecting the data was designed. The research method in this study was based on Artificial Neural Network -Fuzzy Inference System (ANNFIS). Statistical population included individuals aged 18 and above residing in Tehran, and sample size consisted of 2538 people.</p><p>The findings of this study indicated that there is a significant difference in the cultural capital between north and south neighborhoods in Tehran. The mean of cultural capital in the south neighborhoods (2.49 out of 10) was higher than that of north neighborhoods (6.77 out of 10). Furthermore, the degree of neighborhood social capital was different between the north and south neighborhoods of Tehran, and this difference was statistically significant, so that the mean of social capital in the south neighborhoods (6.75 out of 10) was greater than that of north neighborhoods (2.88 out of 10).</p>Multivariate linear regression analysis to explain cultural capital has revealed that social trust (- 0.502) and relation networks (- 0.087) exerted the highest and lowest impact on the dependent variable, respectively. It should be noted that, of the three variables entered into the regression equation, all variables have remained in the equation. It should be noted that the effects of all variables on the dependent variable of cultural capital was negative.

scholarly journals Spontaneous formation of geysers at only one pole on Enceladus’s ice shell

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (26) ◽  
pp. 14764-14768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanying Kang ◽  
Glenn Flierl
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Shell Thickness ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Icy Moons ◽  
The North ◽  
Fracture Formation ◽  
Breaking Mechanism ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ice Shell ◽  
North And South

The ice shell on Enceladus, an icy moon of Saturn, exhibits strong asymmetry between the northern and southern hemispheres, with all known geysers concentrated over the south pole, even though the expected pattern of tidal forced deformation should be symmetric between the north and south poles. Using an idealized ice-evolution model, we demonstrate that this asymmetry may form spontaneously, without any noticeable a priori asymmetry (such as a giant impact or a monopole structure of geological activity), in contrast to previous studies. Infinitesimal asymmetry in the ice shell thickness due to random perturbations are found to be able to grow indefinitely, ending up significantly thinning the ice shell at one of the poles, thereby allowing fracture formation there. Necessary conditions to trigger this hemispheric symmetry-breaking mechanism are found analytically. A rule of thumb we find is that, for Galilean and Saturnian icy moons, the ice shell can undergo hemispheric symmetry breaking only if the mean shell thickness is around 10 to 30 km.

scholarly journals Meristic character variability among populations of Silurus triostegus Heckel, 1843 from the Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt al-Arab Rivers, Iraq

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Laith A. Jawad ◽  
Alessandro Ligas ◽  
Muhammad I.G. Al-Janabi
Keyword(s):  
High Latitudes ◽  
Gill Rakers ◽  
Euphrates River ◽  
The North ◽  
Fin Rays ◽  
The Mean ◽  
South Of Iraq ◽  
North And South ◽  
Entire Distribution ◽  
Pelvic Fin

Abstract Variation in the numbers of pectoral fin spines and rays, pelvic fin rays, gill rakers on the first gill arch, anal fin rays, and the number of vertebrae of Silurus triostegus Heckel were examined in specimens from 16 localities that span its entire distribution range in the Tigris, Euphrates, and Shatt al-Arab rivers in Iraq. The mean number of the six meristic traits increases toward high latitudes with maximum and minimum values in the north and south of Iraq. Based on cluster analysis and PCA, the Mesopotamian river samples were clearly separated into three distinct groups. The upper Tigris populations were isolated from those of the middle and southern populations of this river and from those of the Euphrates River. Possible reasons for such differentiation among populations are discussed, and the integration of research on this species among the countries neighboring Iraq is required.

Bark temperature patterns in ponderosa pine stands and their possible effects on mountain pine beetle behavior

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1439-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Schmid ◽  
S. A. Mata ◽  
R. A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Black Hills ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
North And South

Bark temperatures on the north and south sides of five ponderosa pines (Pinusponderosa Laws.) in each of four growing stock levels in two areas in the Black Hills of South Dakota were monitored periodically from May through August 1989. Temperatures were significantly different among growing stock levels and between sides of the tree. The magnitude of differences between the mean bark temperatures in partially cut stands and uncut controls was inversely related to stocking level. Maximum differences in mean bark temperatures among the growing stock levels occurred between 10:00 and 14:00, when differences between the lower growing stock levels and the controls reached 9 to 10°F (Fahrenheit temp. = 1.8(Celsius temp.) + 32). Diurnal differences were greatly influenced by the amount of cloud cover. Nocturnal temperatures generally differed by 1 to 2°F. North-side temperatures were cooler and less variable than south-side temperatures. Temperature relationships and mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopk.) behavior are discussed.

scholarly journals Mean Chemical Abundance of the F Stars as a Function of Distance from the Galactic Plane

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-52
Author(s):  
A. Blaauw
Keyword(s):  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Photometric System ◽  
Chemical Abundance ◽  
The North ◽  
Polar Caps ◽  
Metal Abundance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
F Stars ◽  
North And South ◽  
European Regional

At the Tbilisi European Regional Meeting 1975, I reported on results of uvby, Hß photometry of F-type stars in the north and south galactic polar caps (Blaauw and Garmany, 1976), based on stars in the McCormick proper motion fields between latitudes 60° and the poles. A relation was shown to exist between the quantity Am. as determined in this photometric system, and the distance, z, from the galactic plane; Δm1. being a measure of the metal abundance in these stars. The spectral range we deal with is defined by b-y = 0.25 to 0.40, corresponding with F0 to G2. It was found that, from the solar neighbourhood near z = 0, to z = 700 pc, the mean relative metal abundance M/H decreases by a factor of about one third.

scholarly journals Model-based aviation advice on distal volcanic ash clouds by assimilating aircraft in-situ measurements

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Fu ◽  
A. W. Heemink ◽  
S. Lu ◽  
A. J. Segers ◽  
K. Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Forecast Accuracy ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Ash Plume ◽  
Potential Improvement

Abstract. The forecast accuracy of distal volcanic ash clouds is important for providing valid aviation advice during volcanic ash eruption. However, because the distal part of volcanic ash plume is far from the volcano, the influence of eruption information on this part becomes rather indirect and uncertain, resulting in inaccurate volcanic ash forecasts in these distal areas. In our approach, we use real-life aircraft in-situ observations, measured in the North-West part of Germany during the 2010 Eyjafjallajokull eruption, in an ensemble-based data assimilation system combined with a volcanic ash transport model to investigate the potential improvement on the forecast accuracy with regard to the distal volcanic ash plume. We show that the error of the analyzed volcanic ash state can be significantly reduced through assimilating real-life in-situ measurements. After a continuous assimilation, it is shown that the aviation advice for Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium can be significantly improved. We suggest that with suitable aircrafts measuring once per day across the distal volcanic ash plume, the description and prediction of volcanic ash clouds in these areas can be greatly improved.

scholarly journals The pattern, change and driven factors of vegetation cover in the Qin Mountains region

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenlu Huang ◽  
Qinke Yang ◽  
Yuhan Guo ◽  
Yongqiang Zhang ◽  
Linan Guo
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Pattern Change ◽  
The Mean ◽  
North And South

AbstractThe Qin Mountains region is one of the most important climatic boundaries that divide the North and South of China. This study investigates vegetation covers changes across the Qin Mountains region over the past three decades based on the Landsat-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which were extracted from the Google Earth Engine (GEE). Our results show that the NDVI across the Qin Mountains have increased from 0.624 to 0.776 with annual change rates of 0.0053/a over the past 32 years. Besides, its abrupt point occurred in 2006 and the change rates after this point increased by 0.0094/a (R2 = 0.8159, p < 0.01) (2006–2018), which is higher than that in 1987–1999 and 1999–2006. The mean NDVI have changed in different elevation ranges. The NDVI in the areas below 3300 m increased, such increased is especially most obviously in the cropland. Most of the forest and grassland locate above 3300 m with higher increased rate. Before 2006, the temperature and reference evapotranspiration (PET) were the important driven factors of NDVI change below 3300 m. After afforestation, human activities become important factors that influenced NDVI changes in the low elevation area, but hydro-climatic factors still play an important role in NDVI increase in the higher elevations area.

scholarly journals The Distal and Local Volcanic Ash in the Late Pleistocene Sediments of the Termination I Interval at the Reykjanes Ridge, North Atlantic, Based on Study of the Core AMK-340

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Matul ◽  
Irina F. Gablina ◽  
Tatyana A. Khusid ◽  
Natalya V. Libina ◽  
Antonina I. Mikhailova
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Rift Zone ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Younger Dryas ◽  
Quaternary Sediments ◽  
Reykjanes Ridge ◽  
Volcanic Material ◽  
The North

Based on the geochemical analysis of the volcanic material from the sediment core AMK-340, central zone of the Reykjanes Ridge, we could detect two ash-bearing sediment units accumulated during the Termination I. They correlate to the Ash Zone I in the North Atlantic Late Quaternary sediments having an age of 12170-12840, within the Younger Dryas cold chronozone, and 13600-14540 years, within and B&oslash;lling-Aller&oslash;d warm chronozone. The ash of the Younger Dryas unit is presented mostly by the mafic and persilicic material originated from the Icelandic volcanoes; Vedde Ash is presented in one sediment sample from this unit. The ash of the B&oslash;lling-Aller&oslash;d unit is presented mostly by the mafic shards which are related to the basalts of the rift zone on the Reykjanes Ridge, having presumably the local origin. A detection of Vedde Ash helped to specify the timing of the previously reconstructed paleoceanographic changes for the Termination I in the point of study: a significant warming in the area could occur as early as 300 years prior to the end of the conventional Younger Dryas cold chronozone.

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