Effects of Caffeine Consumption on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Treatment: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Neurobiologically, ADHD impairments arise from abnormalities in different circuits involving the prefrontal cortex. In face of high rates of diagnosis, alternative/complementary pharmacological therapeutic approaches for ADHD are needed. Although the number of publications that study the potential effects of caf-feine consumption on ADHD treatment have been accumulating over the last years, and caffeine has recently been used in ADHD research in the context of animal models, an updated evi-dence-based systematic review on the effects of caffeine on ADHD-like symptoms in animal stud-ies is missing. To provide insight and value at the preclinical level, a systematic review based on PRISMA guidelines was performed for all publications available up to September 1, 2021. Caffeine treatment increases attention, improves learning, memory and olfactory discrimination, without altering blood pressure and body weight. These results are supported at the neuronal level. Nonetheless, the implication of caffeine in modulating ADHD-like symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity is contradictory, raising discrepancies that require further clarification. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that caffeine cognitive effects found in animal models could be trans-lated to human ADHD, particularly during adolescence.

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Druggable genome in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its co-morbid conditions. New avenues for treatment

Molecular Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41380-019-0540-z ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tor-Arne Hegvik ◽

Kai Waløen ◽

Sunil K. Pandey ◽

Stephen V. Faraone ◽

Jan Haavik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Drug Targets ◽

Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Starting Point ◽

Adhd Treatment ◽

Gwa Studies ◽

Druggable Genome ◽

Morbid Conditions

Abstract Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with only symptomatic care available. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies can provide a starting point in the search for novel drug targets and possibilities of drug repurposing. Here, we explored the druggable genome in ADHD by utilising GWA studies on ADHD and its co-morbid conditions. First, we explored whether the genes targeted by current ADHD drugs show association with the disorder and/or its co-morbidities. Second, we aimed to identify genes and pathways involved in the biological processes underlying ADHD that can be targeted by pharmacological agents. These ADHD-associated druggable genes and pathways were also examined in co-morbidities of ADHD, as commonalities in their aetiology and management may lead to novel pharmacological insights. Strikingly, none of the genes encoding targets of first-line pharmacotherapeutics for ADHD were significantly associated with the disorder, suggesting that FDA-approved ADHD drugs may act through different mechanisms than those underlying ADHD. In the examined druggable genome, three loci on chromosomes 1, 4 and 12 revealed significant association with ADHD and contained nine druggable genes, five of which encode established drug targets for malignancies, autoimmune and neurodevelopmental disorders. To conclude, we present a framework to assess the druggable genome in a disorder, exemplified by ADHD. We highlight signal transduction and cell adhesion as potential novel avenues for ADHD treatment. Our findings add to knowledge on known ADHD drugs and present the exploration of druggable genome associated with ADHD, which may offer interventions at the aetiological level of the disorder.

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ADHD: Reviewing the Causes and Evaluating Solutions

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11030166 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 166

Author(s):

Luis Núñez-Jaramillo ◽

Andrea Herrera-Solís ◽

Wendy Verónica Herrera-Morales

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Side Effects ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽

Pharmacological Therapy ◽

Pharmacological Treatments ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Adhd Treatment

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which patients present inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The etiology of this condition is diverse, including environmental factors and the presence of variants of some genes. However, a great diversity exists among patients regarding the presence of these ADHD-associated factors. Moreover, there are variations in the reported neurophysiological correlates of ADHD. ADHD is often treated pharmacologically, producing an improvement in symptomatology, albeit there are patients who are refractory to the main pharmacological treatments or present side effects to these drugs, highlighting the importance of developing other therapeutic options. Different non-pharmacological treatments are in this review addressed, finding diverse results regarding efficacy. Altogether, ADHD is associated with different etiologies, all of them producing changes in brain development, leading to the characteristic symptomatology of this condition. Given the heterogeneous etiology of ADHD, discussion is presented about the convenience of personalizing ADHD treatment, whether pharmacological or non-pharmacological, to reach an optimum effect in the majority of patients. Approaches to personalizing both pharmacological therapy and neurofeedback are presented.

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Individualization of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment: pharmacotherapy considerations by age and co-occurring conditions

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852919001822 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Greg W. Mattingly ◽

Joshua Wilson ◽

Leticia Ugarte ◽

Paul Glaser

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Psychosocial Therapy ◽

Adhd Treatment ◽

Disorder Treatment ◽

Adhd Medications

Abstract Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests in childhood and can persist into adolescence and adulthood. Impairments associated with ADHD can impact quality of life, social interactions, and increase the risk of morbidity and mortality; however, for many patients, effective treatment can lessen these effects. Pharmacotherapy with stimulants or nonstimulants is recommended in conjunction with psychosocial therapy for most patients. Determining the optimal pharmacotherapy can be complex, and the clinician needs to consider many factors such as the patient’s age, comorbidities, and lifestyle. Furthermore, the needs of the patient with ADHD will change over time, with specific challenges to consider at each stage of life. A variety of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved stimulant and nonstimulant formulations are available with different modes of delivery and durations of effect. This armamentarium of ADHD medications can be used to individualize ADHD treatment for each patient’s needs. This article combines current information from the literature and the first-hand experience of the authors to provide guidance on ADHD treatment options for patients of different ages and for some of the more common comorbidities.

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Historical Neuropsychological Perspective

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617717000807 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (9-10) ◽

pp. 916-929 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

E. Mark Mahone ◽

Martha B. Denckla

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Diffusion Tensor ◽

Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Behavioral Disorder ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

The Past ◽

Adhd Treatment

AbstractThe behavior patterns of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention that would ultimately become recognized as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have been described for centuries. Nevertheless, in the past 35 years, advances in diagnostic methods, identification of biomarkers, and treatments have advanced at an exponential rate. ADHD is now recognized as the most common behavioral disorder of childhood, with risks extending well into adulthood for both males and females, leading to its identification as a significant public health issue. This historical neuropsychological review of ADHD emphasizes scientific highlights in the past 35 years related to ADHD, including the evolution of the diagnosis (from Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood to ADHD), influential theories (executive functions, cognitive-energetic, delay aversion), landmark treatment studies (Multimodal Treatment of ADHD [MTA] and Preschool ADHD Treatment Study [PATS]), and advances in brain mapping techniques (anatomic, functional, and resting state magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging). The review concludes by highlighting the challenges of studying and treating a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder like ADHD, with emphasis on associated disorders and conditions (learning disabilities, sluggish cognitive tempo), special populations (girls, preschoolers, adults), and recommendations for scientific inquiry in the next 35 years. Neuropsychologists are well positioned to address the clinical and research challenges of the next generation of studies, especially involving advances in understanding the sexual dimor.phism, full developmental course, and dynamic risks associated with ADHD. (JINS, 2017, 23, 916–929)

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): perspective of the general adult psychiatrist

Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/ipm.2017.82 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 247-249

Author(s):

D. Murray ◽

P. Devitt

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Adult Adhd ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽

Psychiatric Services ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Adhd Treatment

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in childhood. In Ireland adult ADHD treatment is drifting in an ad hoc manner into general adult psychiatric services. We propose this process should be halted in favour of a delivering a carefully planned adult ADHD service.

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Effects of Neurofeedback in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10173797 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (17) ◽

pp. 3797

Author(s):

Lucía Sampedro Sampedro Baena ◽

Guillermo A. Cañadas-De la Fuente ◽

María Begoña Martos-Cabrera ◽

José L. Gómez-Urquiza ◽

Luis Albendín-García ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Behavioral Therapy ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Theta Waves ◽

Adhd Treatment ◽

The Right

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Choosing the right treatment is critical to controlling and improving symptoms. An innovative ADHD treatment is neurofeedback (NF) that trains participants to self-regulate brain activity. The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of NF interventions in children with ADHD. A systematic review was carried out in the CINAHL, Medline (PubMed), Proquest, and Scopus databases, following the PRISMA recommendations. Nine articles were found. The NF improved behavior, allowed greater control of impulsivity, and increased sustained attention. In addition, it improved motor control, bimanual coordination and was associated with a reduction in theta waves. NF combined with other interventions such as medication, physical activity, behavioral therapy training, or attention training with brain–computer interaction, reduced primary ADHD symptoms. Furthermore, more randomized controlled trials would be necessary to determine the significant effects.

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The effect of zinc supplementation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and dose-response meta‑analysis of randomized clinical trials

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition ◽

10.1080/10408398.2021.1940833 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Sepide Talebi ◽

Maryam Miraghajani ◽

Abed Ghavami ◽

Hamed Mohammadi

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Dose Response ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Zinc Supplementation ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

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A Cross-Sectional Study of 0.6 Million Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the United States

Journal of Child Science ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1716715 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (01) ◽

pp. e97-e103

Author(s):

Irene Rethemiotaki

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Family Income ◽

Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

The United States ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

AbstractAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an increasingly recognized chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. This work aims at studying the prevalence and clinical characteristics of children with ADHD in the United States in the period between 2009 and 2018. Data from the National Health Interview Survey were analyzed by univariate and multivariate statistics to assess the role of socioeconomic factors in the development of ADHD. It has been studied 615,608 children, 51.2% male and 48.7% female. The prevalence of ADHD was 9.13%, with males predominating over females. The number of children with ADHD increased from 2009 to 2018 by 14.8%. As specified by multiple logistic regression analysis, males (odds ratio [OR] 2.38) who have neither mother nor father (OR 1.76) are twice as likely to have ADHD compared with their peers. In addition, family income (OR 1.40) and parent's education (OR 1.12) were significantly associated with ADHD. It has been highlighted the significance of deprivation of both family and financial comfort as primary indicators for ADHD in children. Moreover, children with ADHD were more likely to be males in the age group of 12 to 17.

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