Effects of Caffeine Consumption on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Treatment: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Neurobiologically, ADHD impairments arise from abnormalities in different circuits involving the prefrontal cortex. In face of high rates of diagnosis, alternative/complementary pharmacological therapeutic approaches for ADHD are needed. Although the number of publications that study the potential effects of caf-feine consumption on ADHD treatment have been accumulating over the last years, and caffeine has recently been used in ADHD research in the context of animal models, an updated evi-dence-based systematic review on the effects of caffeine on ADHD-like symptoms in animal stud-ies is missing. To provide insight and value at the preclinical level, a systematic review based on PRISMA guidelines was performed for all publications available up to September 1, 2021. Caffeine treatment increases attention, improves learning, memory and olfactory discrimination, without altering blood pressure and body weight. These results are supported at the neuronal level. Nonetheless, the implication of caffeine in modulating ADHD-like symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity is contradictory, raising discrepancies that require further clarification. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that caffeine cognitive effects found in animal models could be trans-lated to human ADHD, particularly during adolescence.

Self-organized tissue mechanics underlie embryonic regulation

Early amniote development is a highly regulative and self-organized process, capable to adapt to interference through cell-cell interactions, which are widely believed to be mediated by molecules. Analyzing intact and mechanically perturbed avian embryos, we show that the mechanical forces that drive embryogenesis self-organize in an analog of Turing's molecular reaction-diffusion model, with contractility locally self-activating and the ensuing tension acting as a long-range inhibitor. This mechanical feedback governs the persistent pattern of tissue flows that shape the embryo and steers the concomitant emergence of embryonic territories by modulating gene expression, ensuring the formation of a single embryo under normal conditions, yet allowing the emergence of multiple, well-proportioned embryos upon perturbations. Thus, mechanical forces are a central signal in embryonic self-organization, feeding back onto gene expression to canalize both patterning and morphogenesis.

Explaining Resistance to Early Nineteenth-Century British Emigrants to New South Wales

In the 1830s, the British government commenced a programme of relocating poor labourers to its Australian colony of New South Wales, a practice known as ‘assisted migration’. Though intended to address the colony’s labour shortage, the new arrivals were met with hostility by the colonial elite, who claimed the immigrants were immoral and unsuitable as workers. While migration historians have shown these judgements to be largely unfair, the forces underpinning these perceptions await a thorough interrogation. This article examines colonial public rhetoric about immigration to reveal attitudes shaped by a tangle of overlapping and reinforcing political, economic, and cultural factors. Ultimately, the colonial elite wanted to control who could enter their community, both physically and socially, which became a temporally persistent pattern vital to the settler colonial project.

censusADHD Study: An Australian-wide medication-based recruitment study for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects around 5% of children and is characterised by a persistent pattern of problems with focussing or maintaining attention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. The censusADHD Study is a richly-phenotyped nation-wide cohort of Australian children with ADHD that aims to examine the impact of children’s attention and behavioural problems on the financial, emotional, and psychological wellbeing of parents and caregivers. Methods: Families of potential ADHD cases aged between 6 and 11 years old were identified using Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) prescription records for ADHD medications held by the Department of Human Services and sent a study information letter. Data were collected from 1,574 primary caregivers via online survey from June-September 2015, including the behavioural profile of the index child, the child’s medication use and experiences with side-effects, and the impact of the child’s behaviour on the caregiver. Approximately 81% of caregivers also consented to record linkage of the child’s PBS and Medicare Benefits Schedule claims.Results: Boys were diagnosed with ADHD earlier (P=0.021) and more likely to present as the combined and predominantly hyperactive subtypes (P=0.001). Boys were also at higher risk for experiencing a school suspension (P<0.001) or expulsion (P=0.043). Overall, children presenting as the combined subtype had higher rates of psychiatric comorbidities (P<0.001). Finally, prescription costs for each family and the PBS significantly increased in the year following ADHD diagnosis (P<0.001).Conclusion: Research examining the psychosocial and financial impact of ADHD on Australian children and their families in population-representative cohorts is needed. Our findings demonstrate the importance of examining both gender and ADHD subtype presentation in future studies.

Baroness Charlotta Castelli Glembay – Was she hypersexual?

Hypersexuality disorder (or sexual addiction or excessive sexual drive or compulsive sexual behaviour disorder) is a controversial condition that is present in the International Classification of Disease but not in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. It is defined as a clinical syndrome characterised by a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour. The condition is more prevalent in men than in women. Some medical conditions were described in fictional literature before their formal recognition in medicine, like Huntington disease, Pickwick syndrome, and Munchausen syndrome. The aim of this article is to analyse the fictional character of Charlotta Castelli Glembay from Miroslav Krleža’s play Messrs Glembays from 1928. Krleža presented a woman with a sexual drive that could be described as uncontrollable, organic (physical) in origin, and different from love and affection (that she also experienced, but only with one particular man). The author gave a special name for her condition – erotic intelligence. This sexual behaviour has distressing and devastating consequences. This paper will argue that the play depicts hypersexuality disorder in a woman, with a designation of its aetiology. In concordance with the prevailing attitudes of the time (the early 20th century), hypersexuality in women had negative attributions.

ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE UMA CRIANÇA COM TDAH: o diagnóstico clínico

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a persistent pattern of neglect and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with non-functioning or non-development of a person. The following article focuses on identifying the criteria for a child psychodiagnostic assessment that presents traces of TDHA and the effectiveness of diagnostic tests undertaken during this assessment process. For this purpose, an experience report of a clinical case was made and held in a Psychology Clinic of a Faculty of the Interior of Minas Gerais. The child was directed to psychological care, for presenting behaviors such as low school performance, wandering during the performance of tasks, lack of persistence, difficulty in keeping focused, disorganization and excessive motor activities and then another psychodiagnostic assessment was done. This case study makes possible to confirm and accompany the psychodiagnostic process of the country presenting a characteristic of ADHD found in bibliographic research and confirmed non-clinical psychodiagnostics.

CONDUCT DISORDER IN CROWDSTROIA’S NOVEL ARKAIS

This study aimed to find out and describe the sign of conduct disorder reflected in Crowdstroia’s novel Arkais. Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence that presents itself through a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated. A person diagnosed with conduct disorder can be cruel to both people and animals with the use of violence. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The descriptive research attempts to describe, explain and interpret conditions of the present or descriptive research seeks to provide an accurate description of observations of a phenomenon. The study is based on Psychological approach generally, and specifically on ‘Conduct Disorder’. The result showed the causes, the signs and and the traumatic of conduct disorder covering physical violence, aphatetic, and insecurity.

MAGNITUDE OF ASSOCIATED DISTRESS WITH BULLYING AND HARASSMENT AMONG MEDICAL TRAINEES

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bullying is a persistent pattern of mistreatment that has been common worldwide with relatively high magnitude in schools and workplace. The adverse effects of bullying may lead to decreased social functioning, poor clinical performance and attendance ultimately low standardized results among medical trainees. Therefore this study aims to investigate the rate of bullying in medical trainees in order to analyze the adverse consequences affecting their health and well-being. METHODOLOGY The cross-sectional survey was conducted on medical trainees/house officers of MBBS and BDS who had completed at least 6 months of training in primary or tertiary care hospitals, recruited through the non-probability sampling technique. The data was collected through self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 70 participants filled the questionnaires including 8 males and 62 females. It was concluded that 70% participants faced bullying and 21.4% to 30% reported moderate to severe distress. CONCLUSION It was concluded that majority of medical trainees bullied during training while majority fails to report the issue. The act bullying or harassment was performed by senior staff and outsiders that lead to severe distress among students therefore crucial steps should be taken to address the situation for better physical and mental well-being. KEYWORDS Mental Well-Being, Physical Condition, Bullying, Trainee, Harassment.

Persistent high latitude amplification over the past 10 million years

<p>When the Earth warms, the high latitudes often warm more than the low latitudes, a phenomenon commonly known as high latitude amplification. Although high latitude amplification has been observed by both climate data and models, the trajectory of high latitude amplification in our future changing climate is uncertain. Pacific-wide reconstructions of sea surface temperature variability from past climates are important for establishing the historical records of high latitude amplification. Multiple extratropical temperature records have been established for the past 10 million years (Myr). However, it is debated whether the warmest end member, the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP), warmed during the late Miocene (~12 to 5 million years ago, Ma) and Pliocene (5 to 3 Ma). Here we present new multi-proxy, multi-site paleotemperature records from the WPWP. These results, based on lipid biomarkers and foraminiferal Mg/Ca, unequivocally show warmer temperatures in the past, and a secular cooling over the last 10 Myr. We combine these new data, along with the previously established paleotemperature records, to reveal a persistent pattern of change in the Pacific described by a high latitude amplification factor of ~1.7, which does not seem to be affected by the major climate changes over the past 10 Myr. The evolution of spatial temperature gradients in the Pacific is also evident in climate model output and instrumental observations covering the last 160 years, and thus appears to be a robust and predictable feature of the climate system. These results therefore confirm that climate models can capture the major features of past climate change, providing increased confidence in their predictions of future patterns that are likely to be similar to those reconstructed here.</p>