scholarly journals Abundance and Diversity Index of Weeds in Oil Palm and Vegetable Intercropping in Rainforest Zone of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Ayodele Samuel Oluwatobi ◽  
Kehinde Stephen Olorunmaiye
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Immature Oil ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Early Phases ◽  
Rainforest Zone

The problem of severe weed infestation often arises during the early phases of establishment of oil palm field due to the spacing requirement and growth habit of young oil palm plantation until later years when the canopy closes. This study was conducted at Ala, Akure-North Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria, to investigate the composition of weed species and their distribution in fruit vegetable-juvenile oil palm intercrop. The fallow alleys within the immature oil palm were intercropped with 2 accessions of tomato (NGB 01665 and NG/AA/SEP/09/053) and eggplant (NGB 01737). The sampling of the weed species was carried out with a quadrat (0.25 m<sup>2</sup>). Weed species parameters and the Diversity Index (D) were quantitatively analyzed. The results revealed that members of <em>Asteraceae </em>and <em>Poaceae </em>gave the highest weed species at 3 and 6 weeks after intercropping (WAI) (17.857% and 19.04%) respectively. A total of 23 and 16 were found at 3 and 6 WAI, while the least diversity index of 0.734 was recorded in the immature oil palm/tomato (NGB 01665) plot at 6 WAI. Farmers should be persuaded to simultaneously intercrop fruit vegetables within the alley of juvenile oil palm, particularly at the earlier years prior to closure of the oil palm canopy.

scholarly journals Weed species composition and diversity of 2-year-old oil palm tree/fruit vegetables intercrop in rainforest zone of Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayodele Samuel Oluwatobi
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Immature Oil ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Weed Species Richness

AbstractThe spacing pattern and growth habit of juvenile oil palm during the early stages of field establishment have often led to serious weed problem until canopy closure at subsequent years. This study was carried out during the rainy season of 2016 to evaluate the weed species composition and diversity of an intercrop between 2-year-old oil palm tree and two fruit vegetables at an oil palm plantation in Ala, Akure-North Local Government, Ondo state, Nigeria. Two accessions of tomato (NGB 01665 and NG/AA/SEP/09/053) and eggplant (NGB 01737) were intercropped within the alley of immature oil palm. Weed sampling was carried out using 0.25 m2 quadrat within each experimental plot. Quantitative analysis of weed species parameters and Simpson’s Diversity Index were evaluated. The result revealed that 28, 21 and 20 weed species were found across all the plots at 3, 6 weeks after intercropping (WAI), and after harvesting respectively. Members of Asteraceae produced the highest weed species at 3 WAI (17.857%); Poaceae recorded the highest weed species at 6 WAI and after harvesting (19.048% and 20%) respectively. A total of 23, 16 and 15 broadleaves were found at 3 and 6 WAI, and after harvesting. In all the juvenile oil palm/vegetable intercrops evaluated, the control plot recorded the highest weed species richness at 6 WAI, when compared to other intercropping regimes. The control and juvenile oil palm/tomato (NGB 01665) intercrop plot recorded the highest and lowest Simpson’s Indices of Diversity at 6 WAI (0.877 and 0.734) respectively.

scholarly journals Response of Understory Bird Feeding Groups to Deforestation Gradient in a Tropical Rainforest of Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 194008292090697
Author(s):  
Mélanie A. Tchoumbou ◽  
Elikwo F. N. Malange ◽  
Claire T. Tiku ◽  
Brice Tibab ◽  
Jerome Fru-Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Selective Logging ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Frugivorous Birds ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation ◽  
Logged Forest ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

Birds are crucial in maintaining the balance of many ecosystems and provide various ecological services. Understanding their sensitivity to human disturbances should be prioritized in understudy areas for effective conservation practices. Using mist nets, this study characterized mostly understory bird communities (insectivorous, frugivorous, granivorous, and nectarivorous birds) in three habitat types (pristine forest, selectively logged forest, and young oil palm plantation) in the Talangaye rainforest, Southwest Cameroon. A total of 845 birds belonging to 27 families and 85 species were recorded in the three habitats after 294 h of mist netting. Overall, the mist-netted community was largely dominated by insectivores, followed by frugivores, nectarivores, granivores, and carnivores. Although mean species richness, abundance, and Simpson diversity index did not vary significantly among habitat types, mean species abundance and diversity index decreased in selectively logged forest and young oil palm plantation and species richness increased in both habitats. The species richness, abundance, and diversity index for insectivorous and frugivorous birds were lowest in the young oil palm plantations. For granivores, species richness and abundance increased following selective logging and the establishment of oil palm plantation. The highest mean species richness and diversity index in nectarivores were recorded in the young oil palm plantations. The study showed that selective logging and establishment of oil palm plantation had variable effects on the bird communities in the Talangaye rainforest. Also, the frugivorous birds appeared to be more sensitive to both types of disturbances, while the insectivores were more sensitive to habitat loss/conversion.

scholarly journals Mechanical and chemical weeding effects on the weed structure in durum wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Wozniak
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Weed Diversity ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Full Maturity

A three-year field experiment was performed to study weed infestation of durum wheat at the stage of emergence and full maturity. Two weeding systems (WS) were used in the post-harvest period: i) mechanical weeding (MW); and ii) chemical weeding (CW). In the MW system, soil underwent shallow ploughing at a depth of 10-12 cm and double harrowing (after ploughing and 3 weeks later), whereas glyphosate only was used in the CW system. In the springtime, in both MW and CW systems, a tillage set consisting in a cultivator, a string roller and harrowing was used. Overall, the number of weeds m2, the number of weed species and the value of weed diversity indices were always higher in MW than in the CW systems in each study year at both the emergence and full maturity stage of durum wheat. The study demonstrated that at the stage of durum wheat emergence, more weeds per m2 occurred in the MW than in the CW system in each study year. Moreover, the MW systems was characterized by a higher number of weed species as well as by a higher value of weed diversity index compared to the CW system.

scholarly journals Weed Species Distribution of Juvenile Oil Palm Tree (Elaeis guineensis) Intercropped with Maize (Zea mays), Okra (Abelmoshus esculentus) and Pepper (Capsicum anuum var. abbreviatum)

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490
Author(s):  
Ayodele Samuel OLUWATOBI ◽  
Kehinde Stephen OLORUNMAIYE
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Palm Trees

This field experiment was carried out to evaluate the weed species distribution in the experimental plots of an intercrop of juvenile oil palm trees (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) with maize (Zea mays Linn.), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) and pepper (Capsicum annuum var. abbreviatum). This was carried out during the cropping season between July and October 2012. The crops were intercropped with the juvenile oil palm trees of about 3-years-old. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design with five (5) replicates. The treatments comprised of intercropping distances of 1 m, 2 m and 3 m each for the three (3) crops (maize, okra and pepper) and a plot for each of the three (3) arable crops without oil palm trees as control. Weed species distribution was carried out in each of the plots to determine the Simpson’s Diversity Index (D), Simpson’s Index of Diversity (1-D) and Simpson’s Reciprocal Index (1/D). Weed species’ frequency, density, relative density, relative frequency, importance value, abundance, dominance and relative dominance were also computed from data collected at 3WAP and 6WAP. The results showed that the control plot has the highest weed species distribution at 3WAP having the lowest Simpson’s Diversity Index (D) of 0.0930. Okra plot has the least weed species distribution with the highest Simpson’s Diversity Index (D) of 0.2726. At 6WAP, the pepper plot has the highest weed species distribution having the lowest Simpson’s Diversity Index (D) of 0.1741. Control plot has the least weed species distribution with highest Simpson’s Diversity Index (D) of 0.2831.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN VEGETASI GULMA PADA PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) MENGHASILKAN DAN BELUM MENGHASILKAN DI LAHAN GAMBUT

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Endah Dwi Susanti ◽  
Novita Hera ◽  
Syukria Ikhsan Zam
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Vegetation Analysis ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Immature Oil ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Weed Diversity

Weed vegetation analysis is important to do in order to know the composition and structure of the vegetation to determine the appropriate weed control measures. This study aims to compare the composition and structure of weeds on peatland immature oil palm plantations and mature palm. This research was conducted from October to December 2020. Vegetation analysis was carried out using a survei method with purposive sampling technique. The parameters observed were density, frequency, dominance, important value index (INP), summed dominance ratio (SDR) and species diversity index (H'). The results showed that the composition of weeds on immature oil palm plantations was found 12 species with number of individual 847, while on mature palm found 9 species with number of individuals 980. The dominant weed structure on immature oil palm plantations is Lempuyangan with SDR values 29,9 % and mature palm is Bandotan with SDR value 23,4%. Weed diversity index on immature oil palm plantations and mature palm is categorized as high with a value of 1.50 for immature oil palm plantations and 1.65 for mature palm.

scholarly journals Effect of tillage system on the structure of weed infestation of winter wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Woźniak
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Weed Distribution ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Ct System

The study aimed to evaluate the structure of weed infestation of winter wheat grown in different weeding systems: conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and herbicide treatment (HT). In CT system, shallow ploughing and pre-sow ploughing were conducted after the harvest of the previous crop. In RT system, shallow ploughing was replaced by cultivator tillage, whereas pre-sow ploughing by a tillage set. In HT system, shallow ploughing was replaced by spraying with glyphosate and pre-sow ploughing by cultivator tillage. At the tillering stage (22-23 in BBCH scale), species composition and number of weeds/m2 were determined with the botanical-gravimetric method, whereas at the stage of waxy maturity of wheat (82-83 BBCH) analyses were conducted for species composition as well as density, air-dry weight, and weed distribution in crop levels. The Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index (H’) and degrees of phytosociological constancy (S) of weeds were determined as well. The study showed that more weeds occurred in RT and HT systems than in the CT system and they produced higher biomass in RT than in CT and HT systems. The tillage system affected weed distribution in crop levels. In CT system, the highest weed density was identified in the ground and lower levels, whereas in RT and HT systems in the ground and middle levels. Values of the species diversity index (H’) indicate a similar diversity of weed species composition between weeding systems and more diverse between study years.

scholarly journals Changes in weed infestation of spring barley depending on variable pluvio-thermal conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-240
Author(s):  
Roman Krawczyk ◽  
Roman Kierzek ◽  
Kazimierz Adamczewski
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index ◽  
Weed Infestation

<p>The aim of the study was to analyze segetal weeds present in spring barley against the background of changes in pluvio-thermal conditions observed over the last 20 years (1993–2012) at the Field Experimental Station of the Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute in Winna Góra, Poland. Based on the mean value of the Sielianinov hydrothermal coefficient for the three months of spring vegetation, i.e., April, May, and June, three classes of pluvio-thermal conditions (very dry, moderately dry, humid) were distinguished. The phytosociological stability of weed species analyzed during the study period was assessed and the Shannon–Wiener index of species diversity in the communities and the Simpson dominance index were calculated for segetal weeds present in spring barley.</p><p>In the 20-year period analyzed, <em>Chenopodium album</em> and <em>Viola arvensis</em> exhibited the highest phytosociological stability and the highest abundance in the spring barley crop. Over the years analyzed, the dry spring vegetation periods were characterized by significant precipitation deficiency between late April and mid-June. In the years with favorable meteorological conditions, the weed species diversity measured by the Shannon–Wiener diversity index was higher than in the years with precipitation deficiency. In the very dry years, the species dominance index in the spring vegetation period was higher than in the wet years. The yield loss caused by weed infestation in the very dry years was higher by 6% as compared to moderately dry and wet years.</p>

scholarly journals EFIKASI HERBISIDA PARAKUAT UNTUK PENGENDALIAN GULMA PADA BUDIDAYA KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) TANAMAN BELUM MENGHASILKAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Jatmiko Umar Sidik ◽  
Dad Resiworo Jekti Sembodo ◽  
Rusdi Evizal ◽  
Hidayat Pujisiswanto
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Immature Oil ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bartlett Test ◽  
The Difference

Good plantation management is important to increase the productivity of immature oil palm plants, one of which is chemical weed control. This study aims to (1) determine the dosage of paraquat herbicide which is effective in controlling weeds in the area of immature oil palm plantations, (2) find out the differences in the composition of weed species on immature oil palm plates after application of the paraquat herbicide, (3) find out the phytotoxicity of paraquat herbicides in immature oil palm plants after the application of the paraquat dichloride herbicide. This research was carried out in the farmers' oil palm plantation in Jontor Village, Gayabaru District , Central Lampung Regency and Weed Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung from November 2017 to February 2018. This research used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 4 replications and 6 treatments consisting dose of paraquat dichloride herbicide of 375g / ha, 500 g / ha, 625 g / ha, 750 g / ha, and mechanical weeding and without weed control (control). Homogeneity of the various data was tested by the Bartlett test, data additivity was tested by the Tukey test and the difference in the mean was tested with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at α 5 level. The result of the study showed that : (1) the herbicide paraquat dichloride dose of 375-750 g / ha effectively control weeds in total, weed leaf width of up to 8 week after application, weed grasses and weeds puzzle to 4 week after application, (2) the herbicide paraquat dichloride dose of 375-750 g / ha is effective in controlling Praxelis clematidea weeds up to 8 week after application, weed Ottochloa nodosa and Asystasia gangetica up to 4 week after application, (3) paraquate dichloride dosage levels 375-750 g / ha resulting in differences in weed composition at 4, 8 and 12 week after application , (4) dosages of 375 - 750 g / ha parakuat dichloride herbicides applied to dishes not poisoning immature oil palm plants.

Assemblage Patterns of Hymenoptera at Different Elevations of Gunung Datuk, Rembau

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Nasuha Abd Aziz ◽  
Siti Khairiyah Mohd Hatta ◽  
Idris Abd Ghani ◽  
Saiyid Jalaluddin Saiyid Shaifuddin
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Index Site ◽  
Evenness Index ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Richness Index ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Malaise Traps

A study on abundance and diversity of Hymenoptera was conducted in Gunung Datuk, Rembau. Samplings were conducted from November 2014 to February 2015 using six Malaise traps. Three traps were placed at Site 1 at 700m height for high elevation and the remaining traps were placed at Site 2 at 200m height for low elevation. A total number of 221 Hymenopteran were collected which consist of nine families namely Ichneumonidae, Formicidae, Braconidae, Bethylidae, Evaniidae, Tiphiidae, Vespidae, Pompilidae and Apidae. In this study, 93 individuals were obtained from Site 1, comprising nine families and 43 morphospecies while 127 individuals were obtained from Site 2 with nine families and 45 morphospecies. Formicidae was the most dominant family collected from both sites with a total of 104 individuals while the least family recorded was Apidae with only one individual. Shannon’s Weiner Diversity Index (H’) showed Site 1 had the higher diversity value with H’ = 3.17 compared to Site 2 with value H’ = 3.12. For Evenness Index, Site 1 had higher value compared to Site 2 with E’ = 0.84 and E’ = 0.82 respectively. Moreover, for Margalef Richness Index, Site 1 recorded R’ = 9.24 while site two recorded R’ = 9.08 which concluded that Site 1 had higher species richness compared to Site 2. Paired t-test showed that both sites had no significant difference with p>0.05. Overall study showed that the diversity and abundance of Hymenoptera in Gunung Datuk were low since the value of H’ is less than 3.50.

scholarly journals The The diversity and abundance of Hymenoptera insects on tidal swamp rice field in Indragiri Hilir District, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
ZAHLUL IKHSAN ◽  
HIDRAYANI ◽  
YAHERWANDI ◽  
HASMIANDY HAMID
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Pitfall Trap ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Tidal Swamp ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Abstract. Ikhsan Z, Hidrayani, Yaherwandi, Hamid H. 2020. The diversity and abundance of Hymenoptera insects on tidal swamp rice field in Indragiri Hilir District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1020-1026. Hymenoptera is one of the four largest insect orders and it plays a vital role in human life as pollinators, parasitoids, and predators. Hymenoptera parasitoids are particularly important as agents of biological control of pest. The objective of this research was to study the diversity and abundance of Hymenoptera on tidal swamp rice field in Indragiri Hilir District, Riau Province, Indonesia. Samplings were conducted in 3 sub-districts of rice production centers, namely Batang Tuaka, Keritang and Reteh, using four trapping techniques (i.e. insect net, malaise trap, pitfall trap, and yellow pan trap). Shannon diversity index (H '), Krebs evenness index (E), and Jaccard similarity index (Is) were calculated. We found 4,701 individuals consisting of 39 families and 319 species of Hymenoptera at the three studied areas. Tidal swamp rice in Indragiri Hilir District had a high species diversity of Hymenoptera parasitoids and Hymenoptera predators, but a moderate species diversity of Hymenoptera pollinators. Species diversity and evenness of Hymenoptera parasitoids and predators were higher in Keritang than in Batang Tuaka and Reteh. The families of Formicidae, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, and Scelionidae had the highest number of species, while Formicidae, Scelionidae, Diapriidae, and Braconidae had the highest number of individuals. Based on these findings, the abundance and diversity of Hymenoptera insects in Indragiri Hilir District have the potentials to be developed as biological agents to control pests on tidal swamp rice in this area.

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