Hazard Perception and Anchoring: A Comparison of the Three Models Explaining the Anchoring Effect

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 678-686
Author(s):  
Kazuhisa Nagaya ◽  
◽  
Kazuya Nakayachi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Communication ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Hazard Perception ◽  
Anchoring Effect ◽  
A Value

When individuals estimate something numerically, their estimation tends to be close to a value perceived beforehand, called an anchor. This tendency is called “the anchoring effect.” We introduce three hypotheses – the numeric priming hypothesis, the semantic priming hypothesis, and the magnitude priming hypothesis – that explain the anchoring effect. We apply them to participants’ estimation of the number of sufferers in order to examine which model explains the anchoring effect best. Experimental results support the numeric priming hypothesis, indicating that the anchoring effect occurs even when no semantic relatedness exists between the number presented as the prime and the successive numerical estimation. Implications for disaster risk communication are discussed based on the results we obtained.

scholarly journals What Stimuli Are Necessary for Anchoring Effects to Occur?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaro Onuki ◽  
Hidehito Honda ◽  
Kazuhiro Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Anchoring Effect ◽  
Anchoring Effects

The anchoring effect is a form of cognitive bias in which exposure to some piece of information affects its subsequent numerical estimation. Previous studies have discussed which stimuli, such as numbers or semantic priming stimuli, are most likely to induce anchoring effects. However, it has not been determined whether anchoring effects will occur when a number is presented alone or when the semantic priming stimuli have an equivalent dimension between a target and the stimuli without a number. We conducted five experimental studies (N = 493) using stimuli to induce anchoring effects. We found that anchoring effects did not occur when a number was presented alone or when phrases to induce semantic priming were used without presenting a number. These results indicate that both numerical and semantic priming stimuli must be presented for anchoring effects to occur. Our findings represent a substantial contribution to the literature on anchoring effects by offering insights into how these effects are generated.

An Analysis of Conventional and Self-Aligned four Terminal Resistor Structures for The Determination of The Contact Resistivity from End Resistance Measurements

1986 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Suni ◽  
M. Finetti ◽  
K. Grahn
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Contact Resistivity ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Model Based ◽  
A Value ◽  
And Diffusion

AbstractA computer model based on the finite element method has been applied to evaluate the effect of the parasitic area between contact and diffusion edges on end resistance measurements in four terminal Kelvin resistor structures. The model is then applied to Al/Ti/n+ Si contacts and a value of contact resistivity of Qc = 1.8×10−7.Ωcm2 is derived. For comparison, the use of a self-aligned structure to avoid parasitic effects is presented and the first experimental results obtained on Al/Ti/n+Si and Al/CoSi2/n+Si contacts are shown and discussed.

An anomaly in the specific heat below 3 °K of copper containing hydrogen

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (14) ◽  
pp. 1485-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Specific Heat ◽  
Molecular Hydrogen ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Solid Hydrogen ◽  
Rotational State ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Ortho Hydrogen ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
A Value ◽  
Heat Curve

The specific heat of copper heated in hydrogen at 1040 °C has been measured over the temperature range 0.4 to 3.0 °K and found to be anomalous. The anomaly occurs in the same temperature range as the solid hydrogen λ anomaly which, in conjunction with evidence of ortho to para conversion of hydrogen in the sample, suggests the presence of molecular hydrogen in the copper. The anomaly reported by Martin for "as-received" American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO) 99.999+ % pure copper has been briefly compared with the present results. The form of the anomaly produced by the copper-hydrogen specimen has been compared with Schottky curves using the simplest possible model, that for two level splitting of the degenerate J = 1 rotational state of the ortho-hydrogen molecule.Maintenance of the copper-hydrogen sample at ~20 °K for approximately 1 week removed the "hump" in the specific heat curve. An equation of the form Cp = γT + (464.34/(θ0c)3)T3 was found to fit these experimental results and produced a value for γ which had increased over that for vacuumannealed pure copper by ~2%.

scholarly journals Lack of Noradrenergic Modulation of Indirect Semantic Priming

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacquelyne S. Cios ◽  
Regan F. Miller ◽  
Ashleigh Hillier ◽  
Madalina E. Tivarus ◽  
David Q. Beversdorf
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Dopaminergic Drugs ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Noradrenergic Modulation

Norepinephrine and dopamine are both believed to affect signal-to-noise in the cerebral cortex. Dopaminergic agents appear to modulate semantic networks during indirect semantic priming, but do not appear to affect problem solving dependent on access to semantic networks. Noradrenergic agents, though, do affect semantic network dependent problem solving. We wished to examine whether noradrenergic agents affect indirect semantic priming. Subjects attended three sessions: one each after propranolol (40 mg) (noradrenergic antagonist), ephedrine (25 mg) (noradrenergic agonist), and placebo. During each session, closely related, distantly related, and unrelated pairs were presented. Reaction times for a lexical decision task on the target words (second word in the pair) were recorded. No decrease in indirect semantic priming occurred with ephedrine. Furthermore, across all three drugs, a main effect of semantic relatedness was found, but no main effect of drug, and no drug/semantic relatedness interaction effect. These findings suggest that noradrenergic agents, with these drugs and at these doses, do not affect indirect semantic priming with the potency of dopaminergic drugs at the doses previously studied. In the context of this previous work, this suggests that more automatic processes such as priming and more controlled searches of the lexical and semantic networks such as problem solving may be mediated, at least in part, by distinct mechanisms with differing effects of pharmacological modulation.

scholarly journals Appendix: Mathematical approaches to the evaluation of the flux of γ-aminobutyrate in brain tissue in vitro

1970 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Hammond ◽  
T. Julian ◽  
Y. Machiyama ◽  
R. Balázs
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Simulation Methods ◽  
Metabolic Compartmentation ◽  
A Value ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Cortex Slices

In the preceding paper (Balázs, Machiyama, Hammond, Julian & Richter, 1970) the flux of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) was found, in guinea-pig brain-cortex slices incubated in glucose–saline medium, to represent about 10% of the total tricarboxylic acid cycle flux, as opposed to other estimates, which are as high as 40%. However, the latter value was deduced from experimental results by methods that made no allowance for the metabolic compartmentation of glutamate: a mathematical investigation was therefore undertaken to show that this omission necessarily leads to an overestimation of GABA flux. The magnitude of this over-estimation was shown by computer simulation methods to be of such an order as to bring the corrected value into agreement with the lower value. Computer simulation methods were also used to evaluate the GABA flux from the experimental results presented by Balázs et al. (1970) and a value of 0.0315μmol/min per g wet wt. was obtained. This value was also shown to be consistent, in the simulated system, with the experimentally observed time-courses for the radioactivity and quantity of aspartate. Since there is now evidence that GABA is itself a metabolically compartmented intermediate this possibility was considered mathematically, but it was found that in this case the assumption of compartmentation had little effect upon the value of GABA flux deduced on the basis of GABA homogeneity.

scholarly journals Recommending a value for the Newtonian gravitational constant

2014 ◽  
Vol 372 (2026) ◽  
pp. 20140029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Task Group ◽  
Fundamental Constants ◽  
Conversion Factors ◽  
A Value ◽  
Self Consistent ◽  
Newtonian Gravitational Constant

The primary objective of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants is ‘to periodically provide the scientific and technological communities with a self-consistent set of internationally recommended values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry based on all of the relevant data available at a given point in time’. I discuss why the availability of these recommended values is important and how it simplifies and improves science. I outline the process of determining the recommended values and introduce the principles that are used to deal with discrepant results. In particular, I discuss the specific challenges posed by the present situation of gravitational constant experimental results and how these principles were applied to the most recent 2010 recommended value. Finally, I speculate about what may be expected for the next recommended value of the gravitational constant scheduled for evaluation in 2014.

Fluid Flow Through Randomly Packed Monodisperse Fibers: The Kozeny-Carman Parameter Analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Rahli ◽  
L. Tadrist ◽  
M. Miscevic ◽  
R. Santini
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Flow Through Porous Media ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
A Value ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Permeability Increase

Experimental studies have been carried out on fluid flow through porous media made up of randomly packed monodisperse fibers. The permeability and the Kozeny-Carman parameter kk are deduced from experimental results. The variations of the permeability increase exponentially with the porosity. The parameter kk is a decreasing function of the porosity ε and tends asymptotically to a value close to that deduced from a modified Ergun relation. The important decrease, observed for small aspect ratios, is certainly an effect of the cut sections of fibers. The results in terms of parameter kk are systematically compared to those deduced from various theoretical models. The variation laws of the parameter kk, deduced from different models, present important discrepancies with our experimental results.

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