Predicting Delay of Commuting Activities Following Frequently Occurring Disasters Using Location Data from Smartphones

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Yabe ◽  
◽  
Yoshihide Sekimoto ◽  
Akihito Sudo ◽  
Kota Tsubouchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Geospatial Information ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Disaster Intensity ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Main Factors

Natural disasters that frequently occur, such as typhoons and earthquakes, heavily affect human activities in urban areas by causing severe congestion and economic loss. Predicting the delay in usual commuting activities of individuals following such disasters is crucial for managing urban systems. We propose a novel method that predicts such delay of individuals’ movements in several frequently occurring disasters using various types of features including the commuters’ usual movement patterns, disaster information, and geospatial information of commuters’ locations. Our method predicts the irregularity of commuting activities in metropolitan Tokyo during several typhoons, and earthquakes, using Yahoo Japan’s GPS dataset of 1 million users. The results show that the irregularity of individuals’ movements are significantly more predictable than with previous models. Also, we are able to understand that commuters’ usual movement patterns, disaster intensity, and geospatial features including road density and population density are main factors that cause commuting delay following disasters.

scholarly journals Resilience of Urban Economic Structures Following the Great Recession

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2374
Author(s):  
Shade T. Shutters ◽  
Srinivasa S. Kandala ◽  
Fangwu Wei ◽  
Ann P. Kinzig
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Economic Resilience ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
Measured Change ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Over Time

The future sustainability of cities is contingent on economic resilience. Yet, urban resilience is still not well understood, as cities are frequently disrupted by shocks, such as natural disasters, economic recessions, or changes in government policies. These shocks can significantly alter a city’s economic structure. Yet the term economic structure is often used metaphorically and is often not understood sufficiently by those having to implement policies. Here, we operationalized the concept of economic structure as a weighted network of interdependent industry sectors. For 938 U.S. urban areas, we then quantified the magnitude of change in the areas’ economic structures over time, focusing on changes associated with the 2007–2009 global recession. The result is a novel method of analyzing urban change over time as well as a typology of U.S. urban systems based on how their economic structures responded to the recession. We further compared those urban types to changes in economic performance during the recession to explore each structural type’s adaptive capacity. Results suggest cities that undergo constant but measured change are better positioned to weather the impacts of economic shocks.

Engineering in the time of cholera: overcoming institutional and political challenges to rebuild Zimbabwe's water and sanitation infrastructure in the aftermath of the 2008 cholera epidemic

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa Brocklehurst ◽  
Murtaza Malik ◽  
Kiwe Sebunya ◽  
Peter Salama
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Humanitarian Aid ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Rapid Improvement ◽  
Cholera Epidemic ◽  
Rapid Action ◽  
Water And Sanitation Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Rehabilitation

A devastating cholera epidemic swept Zimbabwe in 2008, causing over 90,000 cases, and leaving more than 4,000 dead. The epidemic raged predominantly in urban areas, and the cause could be traced to the slow deterioration of Zimbabwe's water and sewerage utilities during the economic and political crisis that had gripped the country since the late 1990s. Rapid improvement was needed if the country was to avoid another cholera outbreak. In this context, donors, development agencies and government departments joined forces to work in a unique partnership, and to implement a programme of swift improvements that went beyond emergency humanitarian aid but did not require the time or massive investment associated with full-scale urban rehabilitation. The interventions ranged from supply of water treatment chemicals and sewer rods to advocacy and policy advice. The authors analyse the factors that made the programme effective and the challenges that partners faced. The case of Zimbabwe offers valuable lessons for other countries transitioning from emergency to development, and particularly those that need to take rapid action to upgrade failing urban systems. It illustrates that there is a ‘middle path’ between short-term humanitarian aid delivered in urban areas and large-scale urban rehabilitation, which can provide timely and highly effective results.

scholarly journals Community Preferences for Urban Systems Transformation in Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4749
Author(s):  
Milo Costanza-van den Belt ◽  
Tayanah O’Donnell ◽  
Robert Webb ◽  
Eleanor Robson ◽  
Robert Costanza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Shared Vision ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Sustainable Cities ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
National Workshop ◽  
Systems Transformation

Civil society engagement is important for enabling urban systems transformations that meet community needs. The development of Future Earth Australia’s Sustainable Cities and Regions: A 10-Year Strategy for Urban Systems was underpinned by cross-sectoral workshops in 7 Australian urban areas and interviews with key stakeholders to create a shared vision of both current and desired future urban structure and policy. We then created an online survey to gauge broader community feedback on the vision which emerged from these workshops and interviews, to compare their outcomes with the views of community members who could be directly impacted by urban decision-making. The survey consisted of 35 questions, which were shaped by the issues emerging from the workshops and interviews. The sample was self-selected, and the 641 respondents represented a cross-section of individuals interested in sustainable cities. Our survey results supported and expanded on the major conclusions of FEA’s National workshop and interview processes, including the need to develop transparent and responsive decision-making processes, limit waste and pollution and develop effective housing and transport alternatives with mixed-use neighborhoods and adequate green space.

Field Tests of Guide Vanes and Runner Blades of a Large Bulb Turbine for Output Deficiency Diagnosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 212-213 ◽  
pp. 1057-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Liu ◽  
Zhu Qing Huang ◽  
Shu Yun Zou ◽  
Hong De Rao
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Hydropower Plant ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Guide Vanes ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Runner Blade ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Theoretical Analyses ◽  
Bulb Turbine

The 3# bulb turbine in Hongjiang Hydropower Plant has faced the problem of output deficiency since its commission in Sept. 2003, which caused a large economic loss. Following simple theoretical analyses on the main factors affecting the turbine’s output and efficiency, the field test schemes were determined to measure the shapes and intervals of guide vanes and runner blades of the 3#, 5# and 6# turbines. The test results discover that the average blade intervals of the 3# turbine are generally less than those of the 5# one. Suggestions on runner blade installation adjustment and combined curve modification are given.

scholarly journals CHANGE DETECTION AND DEFORMATION ANALYSIS BASED ON MOBILE LASER SCANNING DATA OF URBAN AREAS

2020 ◽  
Vol V-2-2020 ◽  
pp. 703-710
Author(s):  
J. Gehrung ◽  
M. Hebel ◽  
M. Arens ◽  
U. Stilla
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Deformation Analysis ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Incomplete Observations ◽  
Novel Method

Abstract. Change detection is an important tool for processing multiple epochs of mobile LiDAR data in an efficient manner, since it allows to cope with an otherwise time-consuming operation by focusing on regions of interest. State-of-the-art approaches usually either do not handle the case of incomplete observations or are computationally expensive. We present a novel method based on a combination of point clouds and voxels that is able to handle said case, thereby being computationally less expensive than comparable approaches. Furthermore, our method is able to identify special classes of changes such as partially moved, fully moved and deformed objects in addition to the appeared and disappeared objects recognized by conventional approaches. The performance of our method is evaluated using the publicly available TUM City Campus datasets, showing an overall accuracy of 88 %.

A Theoretical Foundation for the Concept of Differential Urbanization

1993 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermanus S. Geyer ◽  
Thomas Kontuly
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Development Spectrum ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Clean Break

This paper develops a theoretical foundation for the notion of differential urbanization, in which groups of large, intermediate-sized, and small cities go through successive periods of fast and slow growth in a continuum of development that spans the evolution of urban systems in developed and less developed countries. A model depicting net migration patterns over time for major metropolitan, intermediate-sized, and small urban areas identifies six stages of differential urbanization. Data from three countries that span the development spectrum are used to test the accuracy of this model. A distinction between mainstream and substream migration flows provides an indicator of the concurrent concentration and deconcentration forces shaping urban systems. Counterurbanization represents the final phase in the first cycle of urban development, and is followed by a second cycle in which urbanization and spatial concentration dominate once again. At advanced levels of urbanization, the model can be used to characterize the degree of development within regions or subregions of a country. Also, precise definitions are suggested for the “clean break,” the end of urbanization, and the beginnings and ends of polarization reversal and counterurbanization.

scholarly journals Job Accessibility from a Multiple Commuting Circles Perspective Using Baidu Location Data: A Case Study of Wuhan, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cai ◽  
Liu ◽  
Luo ◽  
Xing ◽  
Liu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Job Accessibility ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Transit Services ◽  
Service Jobs ◽  
Wuhan Metropolitan Area

Jobs–housing imbalance is a hot topic in urban study and has obtained many results. However, little research has overcome the limits of administrative boundaries in job accessibility measurement and considered differences in job accessibility within multiple commuting circles. Using Baidu location data, this research proposes a new method to measure job accessibility within multiple commuting circles at the grids’ level. Taking the Wuhan metropolitan area as a case study, the results are as follows: (1) Housing and service jobs are concentrated in the central urban areas along the Yangtze River, whereas industrial jobs are scattered throughout suburbs with double centers. The potential competition for job opportunities is fiercer in the city center than in the suburbs. (2) Job accessibility with different levels shows significant circle-like distribution. People with long- or short-distance potential commutes demand to live close to the groups with the same demand. Residents with long-distance commutes demand to live outside of where those with short-distance commutes demand to reside, regardless of whether their commuting demand is for service or industrial jobs. (3) There are three optimization patterns for transit services to increase job accessibility in various areas. These patterns involve areas with inadequate job opportunities, poor transit services to service jobs, and poor transit services to industrial jobs. Developing current transit facilities or new transit alternatives as well as adding extra jobs near housing could improve jobs–housing imbalance in these areas. Findings from this study could guide the allocation of jobs and housing as well as the development of transport to reduce residents’ commuting burdens and promote transportation equity. The method used in this study can be applied to evaluate jobs–housing imbalance from the perspective of the supply in other metropolises.

scholarly journals Promoting Geospatial Service from Information to Knowledge with Spatiotemporal Semantics

Complexity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Geng ◽  
Shuliang Wang ◽  
Wenxia Gan ◽  
Hanning Yuan ◽  
Zeqiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Web Service ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
User Requirement ◽  
Geospatial Information ◽  
Related Services ◽  
Service Chain ◽  
Sensor Web ◽  
Spatial Decision Making ◽  
Novel Method

With the development of geoscience, users are eager to obtain preferred service from geospatial information intelligently and automatically. However, the information grows rapidly while the service gets more complicated, which makes it difficult to find out the targeted information for an exact service in geospatial issues. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to promote the geospatial service from information to knowledge with spatiotemporal semantics. Both prompted and professional knowledge are further refined to be published as a service. In terms of an exact task, numerous related services are recombined to a service chain under user requirement. Finally, the proposed method is applied to monitor the environment on the Air Quality Index (AQI) and soil moisture (SM) in the Sensor Web service platform, the results of which indicate geospatial knowledge service (GKS) is more efficient to support spatial decision-making.

scholarly journals Transitional Ecology: embedding ecological experiments into temporary urban public art

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam D Kay ◽  
Elizabeth Scherber ◽  
Hunter Gaitan ◽  
Amanda Lovelee
Keyword(s):  
Public Art ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Community Benefits ◽  
Ecological Experiments ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

AbstractUnderstanding the environmental consequences of urbanization is a pressing objective, and more experimental ecology in urban areas would be useful in meeting this goal. Here we introduce the concept of Transitional Ecology, which involves incorporating ecological field research into temporary public art on vacant urban land. Ecological experiments can yield useful results about urban systems over short time periods. Incorporating such experiments into temporary public art allows the space to provide diverse community benefits. Although this fusion introduces challenges for both ecologists and artists, it can also create formal and informal science training activities while raising public awareness of environmental science. We illustrate these challenges and opportunities with the Urban Flower Field, a phytoremediation project in a temporary urban park.

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