Integrated Monitoring of Volcanic Ash and Forecasting at Sakurajima Volcano, Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 798-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato Iguchi ◽  
Haruhisa Nakamichi ◽  
Hiroshi Tanaka ◽  
Yusaku Ohta ◽  
Atsushi Shimizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Fall Deposit ◽  
Integrated Monitoring ◽  
Sakurajima Volcano ◽  
Ash Fall

The Sakurajima volcano is characterized by frequent vulcanian eruptions at the Minamidake or Showa crater in the summit area. We installed an integrated monitoring system for the detection of volcanic ash (composed of remote sensing sensors XMP radars, lidar, and GNSS with different wave lengths) and 13 optical disdrometers on the ground covering all directions from the crater to measure drop size distribution and falling velocity. Campaign sampling of volcanic ash supports the conversion of particle counts measured by the disdrometer to the weight of volcanic ash. Seismometers and tilt/strain sensors were used to estimate the discharge rate of volcanic ash from the vents. XMP radar can detect volcanic ash clouds even under visual difficulty because of weather such as fog or clouds. A vulcanian eruption on November 13 was the largest event at the Sakurajima volcano in 2017; however, the volcanic plume was not visible due to clouds covering the summit. Radar revealed that the volcanic plume reached an elevation of 4.2–6.2 km. Post-fit phase residuals (PPR) from the GNSS analysis increased suddenly after the eruption, and large-PPR paths from the satellites to the ground-based receivers intersected each other at an elevation of 4.2 km. The height of the volcanic plume was also estimated from the discharge rate of volcanic ash to be 4.5 km, which is empirically related to seismic energy and the deflation volume obtained via ground deformation monitoring. Using the PUFF model, the weight of the ash-fall deposit was accurately forecast in the main direction of transport of the volcanic ash, which was verified by disdrometers. For further advances in forecasting of the ash-fall deposit, we must consider high-resolution wind field, shape of volcanic plume as the initial value, and the particle number distribution along the volcanic plume.

Integrated Study on Forecasting Volcanic Hazards of Sakurajima Volcano, Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-186
Author(s):  
Masato Iguchi ◽  
◽  
Haruhisa Nakamichi ◽  
Takeshi Tameguri
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
Pyroclastic Flows ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Magma Intrusion ◽  
Integrated Monitoring ◽  
Summit Eruption ◽  
Volcanic Earthquakes ◽  
Sakurajima Volcano

Several types of eruptions have occurred at Sakurajima volcano in the past 100 years. The eruption in 1914 was of a Plinian type followed by an effusion of lava. The progression of seismicity of volcanic earthquakes prior to the eruption is reexamined and seismic energy is estimated to be an order of 1014 J. Lava also effused from the Showa crater in 1946. Since 1955, eruptions frequently have occurred at the Minamidake or Showa craters at the summit area. Vulcanian eruptions are a well-known type of summit eruption of Sakurajima, however Strombolian type eruptions and continuous ash emissions have also occurred at the Minamidake crater. The occurrence rate of pyroclastic flows significantly increased during the eruptivity of Showa crater, with the occurrence of lava fountains. Tilt and strain observations are reliable tools to forecast the eruptions, and their combination with the seismicity of volcanic earthquakes is applicable to forecasting the occurrence of pyroclastic flows. An empirical event branch logic based on magma intrusion rate is proposed to forecast the scale and type of eruption. Forecasting the scale of an eruption and real-time estimations of the discharge rate of volcanic ash allows us to assess ash fall deposition around the volcano. Volcanic ash estimation is confirmed by an integrated monitoring system of X Band Multi-Parameter radars, lidar and the Global Navigation Satellite System to detect volcanic ash particles with different wave lengths. Evaluation of the imminence of eruptions and forecasting of their scale are used for the improvement of planning and drilling of volcanic disaster measures.

Method for Real-Time Evaluation of Discharge Rate of Volcanic Ash – Case Study on Intermittent Eruptions at the Sakurajima Volcano, Japan –

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato Iguchi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Combination ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Sakurajima Volcano ◽  
Seismic Amplitude ◽  
Ash Weight ◽  
Better Than

A method for evaluating the volcanic ash discharge rate by using seismic and ground deformation signals is proposed to obtain this rate in real time for southern Kyushu’s Sakurajima volcano. This volcano repeats vulcanian eruptions accompanying significant ground deformation showing deflation and nonvulcanian type eruptions that emit the minor emissions of volcanic ash associated with volcanic tremors but without significant ground deformation. We examined ground deformation and seismic amplitude as they relate to monthly sums of volcanic ash weight ejected from craters. We found that in monthly sums, both deflation ground deformation and the amplitude of volcanic tremors correlate positively with the weight of ejected volcanic ash. A linear combination of terms for ground deformation, seismic amplitude and a correction factor correlates better than single parameter of deflation or seismic amplitude with volcanic ash weight. The linear combination provides the volcanic ash discharge rate in quasi-real time and the total amount of volcanic ash distributed over a wide area immediately after a volcanic eruption ends.

scholarly journals Subsidence Monitoring of Fill Area in Yan’an New District Based on Sentinel-1A Time Series Imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3044
Author(s):  
Mingjie Liao ◽  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Jichao Lv ◽  
Bin Yu ◽  
Jiatai Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Chinese Loess Plateau ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Environment Change ◽  
Loess Area

In recent years, many cities in the Chinese loess plateau (especially in Shanxi province) have encountered ground subsidence problems due to the construction of underground projects and the exploitation of underground resources. With the completion of the world’s largest geotechnical project, called “mountain excavation and city construction,” in a collapsible loess area, the Yan’an city also appeared to have uneven ground subsidence. To obtain the spatial distribution characteristics and the time-series evolution trend of the subsidence, we selected Yan’an New District (YAND) as the specific study area and presented an improved time-series InSAR (TS-InSAR) method for experimental research. Based on 89 Sentinel-1A images collected between December 2017 to December 2020, we conducted comprehensive research and analysis on the spatial and temporal evolution of surface subsidence in YAND. The monitoring results showed that the YAND is relatively stable in general, with deformation rates mainly in the range of −10 to 10 mm/yr. However, three significant subsidence funnels existed in the fill area, with a maximum subsidence rate of 100 mm/yr. From 2017 to 2020, the subsidence funnels enlarged, and their subsidence rates accelerated. Further analysis proved that the main factors induced the severe ground subsidence in the study area, including the compressibility and collapsibility of loess, rapid urban construction, geological environment change, traffic circulation load, and dynamic change of groundwater. The experimental results indicated that the improved TS-InSAR method is adaptive to monitoring uneven subsidence of deep loess area. Moreover, related data and information would provide reference to the large-scale ground deformation monitoring and in similar loess areas.

scholarly journals Statistics of seismicity to investigate the Campi Flegrei caldera unrest

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tramelli ◽  
C. Godano ◽  
P. Ricciolino ◽  
F. Giudicepietro ◽  
S. Caliro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Campi Flegrei ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Seismic Parameters ◽  
Seismicity Rate ◽  
Seismic Catalogue ◽  
Vertical Ground

AbstractThe knowledge of the dynamic of the Campi Flegrei calderic system is a primary goal to mitigate the volcanic risk in one of the most densely populated volcanic areas in the world. From 1950 to 1990 Campi Flegrei suffered three bradyseismic crises with a total uplift of 4.3 m. After 20 years of subsidence, the uplift started again in 2005 accompained by a low increment of the seismicity rate. In 2012 an increment in the seismic energy release and a variation in the gas composition of the fumaroles of Solfatara (in the central area of the caldera) were recorded. Since then, a slow and progressive increase in phenomena continued until today. We analyze the INGV - Osservatorio Vesuviano seismic catalogue of Campi Flegrei from 2000 to 2020 in order to look for any variation in the seismic parameters and compare them with geochemical monitored ones. A remarkable correlation between independent variables of earthquake cumulative number, CO/CO2 values and vertical ground deformation reveals a likely common origin. Moreover the correlation between all the variables here analysed enlightens that the same origin can cause the temporal behavior of all these variables. We interpret the seismological, geochemical and geodetic observable in terms of the injection of magmatic fluids into the hydrothermal system or its pressurization.

scholarly journals Copernicus Sentinel-1 MT-InSAR, GNSS and Seismic Monitoring of Deformation Patterns and Trends at the Methana Volcano, Greece

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodoros Gatsios ◽  
Francesca Cigna ◽  
Deodato Tapete ◽  
Vassilis Sakkas ◽  
Kyriaki Pavlou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Persistent Scatterers ◽  
Geothermal Activity ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

The Methana volcano in Greece belongs to the western part of the Hellenic Volcanic Arc, where the African and Eurasian tectonic plates converge at a rate of approximately 3 cm/year. While volcanic hazard in Methana is considered low, the neotectonic basin constituting the Saronic Gulf area is seismically active and there is evidence of local geothermal activity. Monitoring is therefore crucial to characterize any activity at the volcano that could impact the local population. This study aims to detect surface deformation in the whole Methana peninsula based on a long stack of 99 Sentinel-1 C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images in interferometric wide swath mode acquired in March 2015–August 2019. A Multi-Temporal Interferometric SAR (MT-InSAR) processing approach is exploited using the Interferometric Point Target Analysis (IPTA) method, involving the extraction of a network of targets including both Persistent Scatterers (PS) and Distributed Scatterers (DS) to augment the monitoring capability across the varied land cover of the peninsula. Satellite geodetic data from 2006–2019 Global Positioning System (GPS) benchmark surveying are used to calibrate and validate the MT-InSAR results. Deformation monitoring records from permanent Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations, two of which were installed within the peninsula in 2004 (METH) and 2019 (MTNA), are also exploited for interpretation of the regional deformation scenario. Geological, topographic, and 2006–2019 seismological data enable better understanding of the ground deformation observed. Line-of-sight displacement velocities of the over 4700 PS and 6200 DS within the peninsula are from −18.1 to +7.5 mm/year. The MT-InSAR data suggest a complex displacement pattern across the volcano edifice, including local-scale land surface processes. In Methana town, ground stability is found on volcanoclasts and limestone for the majority of the urban area footprint while some deformation is observed in the suburban zones. At the Mavri Petra andesitic dome, time series of the exceptionally dense PS/DS network across blocks of agglomerate and cinder reveal seasonal fluctuation (5 mm amplitude) overlapping the long-term stable trend. Given the steepness of the slopes along the eastern flank of the volcano, displacement patterns may indicate mass movements. The GNSS, seismological and MT-InSAR analyses lead to a first account of deformation processes and their temporal evolution over the last years for Methana, thus providing initial information to feed into the volcano baseline hazard assessment and monitoring system.

scholarly journals Estimating building vulnerability to volcanic ash fall for insurance and other purposes

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Blong ◽  
P. Grasso ◽  
S. F. Jenkins ◽  
C. R. Magill ◽  
T. M. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Building Vulnerability ◽  
Ash Fall

scholarly journals CO2 Injection Deformation Monitoring Based on UAV and InSAR Technology: A Case Study of Shizhuang Town, Shanxi Province, China

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Tian Zhang ◽  
Wanchang Zhang ◽  
Ruizhao Yang ◽  
Dan Cao ◽  
Longfei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Co2 Injection ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Integrated Monitoring ◽  
Migration Pathway

Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage, also referred to as Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration (CCUS), is one of the novel climate mitigation technologies by which CO2 emissions are captured from sources, such as fossil power generation and industrial processes, and further either reused or stored with more attention being paid on the utilization of captured CO2. In the whole CCUS process, the dominant migration pathway of CO2 after being injected underground becomes very important information to judge the possible storage status as well as one of the essential references for evaluating possible environmental affects. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology, with its advantages of extensive coverage in surface deformation monitoring and all-weather traceability of the injection processes, has become one of the promising technologies frequently adopted in worldwide CCUS projects. In this study, taking the CCUS sequestration area in Shizhuang Town, Shanxi Province, China, as an example, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photography measurement technology with a 3D surface model at a resolution of 5.3 cm was applied to extract the high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the study site in coordination with InSAR technology to more clearly display the results of surface deformation monitoring of the CO2 injection area. A 2 km surface heaving dynamic processes before and after injection from June 2020 to July 2021 was obtained, and a CO2 migration pathway northeastward was observed, which was rather consistent with the monitoring results by logging and micro-seismic studies. Additionally, an integrated monitoring scheme, which will be the trend of monitoring in the future, is proposed in the discussion.

scholarly journals GROUND DEFORMATION MONITORING AT CONTINENTAL SCALE: THE EUROPEAN GROUND MOTION SERVICE

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B3-2020 ◽  
pp. 293-298
Author(s):  
M. Crosetto ◽  
L. Solari ◽  
J. Balasis-Levinsen ◽  
N. Casagli ◽  
M. Frei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Persistent Scatterer Interferometry ◽  
Wide Area Monitoring ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Regional Deformation ◽  
Ground Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Service

Abstract. The Persistent Scatterer Interferometry is a powerful technique for ground motion detection and monitoring over wide areas. In the recent years, PSI has undergone a rapid evolution, largely thanks to the launch of the Copernicus Sentinel-1 constellation, the refinement of algorithms, and the increased computational capabilities. These factors allow for using Sentinel-1 interferometric data to develop ground deformation services for wide-area monitoring. Firstly, we review examples of services for national or regional deformation monitoring. The paper then describes the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS), part of the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service. The EGMS represents a unique initiative for performing ground deformation monitoring on a European scale.

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