scholarly journals Time coordination of standalone measurement instruments by synchronized triggering

ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Lamonaca ◽  
Domenico Luca Carnì ◽  
Domenico Grimaldi
Keyword(s):  
Delay Line ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Phase Delay ◽  
Clock Frequency ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Delay Compensation ◽  
Clock Period ◽  
Correct Operation ◽  
Synchronization Accuracy

<p>A Hardware Interface (HI) to synchronize the operations of standalone Measurement Instruments (MIs) in the absence of networking has been proposed in the recent literature. The synchronization accuracy achieved is one period of the clock equipping the HI. To improve the synchronization accuracy two solutions can be argued on the basis of the mathematical model of the delay between HIs. The first involves increasing the clock frequency; the second concerns the compensation of the phase delay between HI clocks. In this paper the second solution is adopted in order to: (i) reduce the energy consumption, and (ii) not increase the complexity of the hardware architecture. The phase delay compensation is obtained by introducing a programmable delay line after the HI clocks. The phase delay evaluation and the successive tuning of the delay line are performed in the synchronization phase of the HIs. Once synchronized, each HI is moved to the standalone MI to trigger it according to the common sense of time. During the execution of the measurement procedure, networking is not necessary. Experimental tests validate the correct operation of the upgraded HI architecture and indicate that the achievable synchronization accuracy is a low percentage of the HI clock period.</p>

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effects of Mobile Smart Object to Boost IoT Network Synchronization

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 3957
Author(s):  
Francesco Lamonaca ◽  
Domenico Luca Carnì
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Mathematical Proof ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Industrial Iot ◽  
Sense Of Time ◽  
Distributed Measurement Systems ◽  
Synchronization Accuracy

This paper deals with the synchronization of Mobile Smart Objects (MSOs). Today, this scenario is becoming typical in Industrial IoT applications due to the plethora of MSOs available as robots, drones and wearables, equipped by sensors making them measurement instruments cooperating in distributed measurement systems. In this context, the synchronization accuracy is directly tied with the accuracy of the performed measurements. In hierarchical synchronization approaches, the presence of an MSO makes the network topology time varying, and this could prevent the synchronization of the whole network. Peer to peer approaches do not need node hierarchy to synchronize but could not converge to a common sense of time. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a consensus-based approach for which the convergence to a common sense of time is here demonstrated. The proposal deploys the MSO to bring the common sense of time from an SO to another, establishing new paths among SOs. The new paths are temporary and depend on the MSO’s route. In the paper, the influence of the MSO’s route on the synchronization accuracy σ and the time interval to synchronize all the SOs ∆TIS is investigated, also. The mathematical proof, the simulations and the experimental tests confirm that the MSO can reduce both the values of σ and ∆TIS, because the new connections introduced by the MSO can boost the exchange of information among SOs. Consequently, the criteria to a priori select the route ameliorating σ and ∆TIS values are proposed.

scholarly journals Measuring Pressure Drop Under Non Ideal Conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
M Austin
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Measuring Instrument ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Cigarette Filter ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Method Of Measurement

AbstractThe method of measurement of the pressure drop (PD) of cigarette filter rods and the draw resistance of cigarettes is defined in ISO 6565-2002 (1). This standard defines the calibration and use of a transfer standard to calibrate the measuring instrument and also defines the measurement procedure for cigarette and filter samples. The procedure described in the standard assumes that the measurement conditions are constant and that the sample is in equilibrium with the measurement environment.In 2001, the Cooperation Center for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) formed a Task Force to investigate the problems associated with the calibration of PD transfer standards that are caused, primarily, by environmental effects. The work of this task force has lead to the harmonisation of the calibration methods between supplier laboratories and to a method for compensation for the effects of atmospheric conditions. These together have considerably reduced the inter-laboratory differences and will eventually lead to a revision of the CORESTA Recommended Method and ISO 6565 Standard.During the work of this Task Force, it has become evident that further work will be necessary to deal with similar errors encountered during the calibration of PD measurement instruments and during the PD measurement of cigarette and filter rod samples. These errors occur in real measurement situations due to the problems in meeting the ISO 6565 conditions and other necessary requirements. This can give rise to errors in the indicated PD and can considerably degrade the confidence that can be placed in the results.This paper examines many of the practical problems in the measurement of PD and attempts to estimate the type and magnitude of the errors that might be experienced.

Extremely compact phase delay line with CTSRR loaded transmission line

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S. Sajin ◽  
G. Praveen ◽  
H.U. Habiba ◽  
P.H. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Delay Line ◽  
Phase Delay

scholarly journals Balance Analysis of Microstrip-to-CPS Baluns and Its Effects on Broadband Antenna Performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Sik Woo ◽  
Young-Ki Cho ◽  
Kang Wook Kim
Keyword(s):  
Delay Line ◽  
Phase Delay ◽  
Slot Antenna ◽  
Impedance Bandwidth ◽  
Broadband Antenna ◽  
Coplanar Stripline ◽  
Antenna Performance ◽  
Yagi Antenna ◽  
Balance Analysis ◽  
Operating Bandwidth

Amplitude and phase balances of two types of microstrip-(MS-) to-coplanar stripline (CPS) baluns have been analyzed through simulations and measurements, and their effects on broadband antenna performance are investigated. The impedance bandwidth of the balun determined by a back-to-back configuration can sometimes overestimate the balun operating bandwidth. With the conventional balun with a 180° phase delay line, it is observed that the balun balance over the operating frequencies becomes much more improved as the CPS length increases to over 0.1 λg. As compared with the conventional balun, the proposed MS-to-CPS balun demonstrated very wideband performance from 5 to over 20 GHz. With the proposed balun, amplitude and phase imbalances are within 1 dB and ±5°, respectively. Effects of the balun imbalance on overall broadband antenna performance are also discussed with a quasi-Yagi antenna and a narrow beamwidth tapered slot antenna (TSA).

scholarly journals A 6-Locking Cycles All-Digital Duty Cycle Corrector with Synchronous Input Clock

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 860
Author(s):  
Shao-Ku Kao
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Delay Line ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Delay Lines ◽  
Clock Frequency ◽  
Quantization Method ◽  
Total Delay ◽  
Chip Area ◽  
Measurement Results

This paper proposes an all-digital duty cycle corrector with synchronous fast locking, and adopts a new quantization method to effectively produce a phase of 180 degrees or half delay of the input clock. By taking two adjacent rising edges input to two delay lines, the total delay time of the delay line is twice the other delay line. This circuit uses a 0.18 μm CMOS process, and the overall chip area is 0.0613 mm2, while the input clock frequency is 500 MHz to 1000 MHz, and the acceptable input clock duty cycle range is 20% to 80%. Measurement results show that the output clock duty cycle is 50% ± 2.5% at a supply voltage of 1.8 V operating at 1000 MHz, the power consumed is 10.1 mW, with peak-to-peak jitter of 9.89 ps.

scholarly journals Decimation of Delta-Sigma-Modulated Signals Using a Low-Cost Microcontroller

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markeljan Fishta ◽  
Franco Fiori
Keyword(s):  
Digital Signal Processor ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Data Conversion ◽  
Clock Frequency ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Modulated Signals

Abstract$$\varDelta \varSigma $$ Δ Σ analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are largely used in sensor acquisition applications. In the last few years, standalone $$\varDelta \varSigma $$ Δ Σ modulators have become increasingly available as off-the-shelf parts. To build a complete ADC, a standalone modulator has to be paired with some advanced elaboration unit, such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or a digital signal processor (DSP), which is needed for the implementation of the decimation filter. This work investigates the use of low-cost, general-purpose microcontrollers for the decimation of $$\varDelta \varSigma $$ Δ Σ -modulated signals. The main challenge is given by the clock frequency of the modulator, which can be in the range of a few $$\hbox {MHz}$$ MHz . The proposed technique deals with this limitation by employing two serial peripheral interface (SPI) modules in a time-interleaved configuration. This approach allows for continuous acquisition and elaboration of relatively high-speed, digital signals. The technique has been applied to a case study, and a data conversion system has been practically realized. The performance of the proposed filter is compared to that of a digital filter, present on board a commercial microcontroller, and the results of experimental tests are provided.

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