scholarly journals Shigella sonnei Outbreak Investigation During a Municipal Water Crisis—Genesee and Saginaw Counties, Michigan, 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 842-849
Author(s):  
R. Paul McClung ◽  
Mateusz Karwowski ◽  
Caroline Castillo ◽  
Jevon McFadden ◽  
Sarah Collier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water System ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Outbreak Period ◽  
Shigella Isolate ◽  
Genesee County

Objectives. To investigate a shigellosis outbreak in Genesee County, Michigan (including the City of Flint), and Saginaw County, Michigan, in 2016 and address community concerns about the role of the Flint water system. Methods. We met frequently with community members to understand concerns and develop the investigation. We surveyed households affected by the outbreak, analyzed Shigella isolate data, examined the geospatial distribution of cases, and reviewed available water quality data. Results. We surveyed 83 households containing 158 cases; median age was 10 years. Index case-patients from 55 of 83 households (66%) reported contact with a person outside their household who wore diapers or who had diarrhea in the week before becoming ill; results were similar regardless of household drinking water source. Genomic diversity was not consistent with a point source. In Flint, no space-time clustering was identified, and average free chlorine residual values remained above recommended levels throughout the outbreak period. Conclusions. The outbreak was most likely caused by person-to-person contact and not by the Flint water system. Consistent community engagement was essential to the design and implementation of the investigation.

scholarly journals An innovative subterranean spring capture method for improved water quality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Ten Pas ◽  
Carly Bogdajewicz ◽  
Julie Wildschut ◽  
Chad Tatko ◽  
Robert Hoeksema
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Source ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Water Borne

Abstract Many rural communities in Andean countries of South America rely on springs as their primary drinking water source. A variety of spring capture methods are employed resulting in varying water quality. Water from these spring-fed sources, delivered to the community via a distribution network, is often not chlorinated, increasing the risk of water-borne pathogens. A simple, improved technique has been developed in Ecuador's Chimborazo Province by a local Christian organization, Corporación de Desarrollo Integral Socio Económico (CODEINSE), to protect spring water sources for community water supply. This new technique, ‘the CODEINSE method’, builds on the strengths of traditional subterranean spring captures while employing several design improvements, like a concrete cap and sufficient gravel pack, to prevent surface water contamination. According to water quality data collected in Ecuador, the CODEINSE method consistently provides high-quality water with substantially reduced levels of water-borne pathogens compared to traditional spring capture methods. On average, the CODEINSE method yields water with less than 1.0 CFU/100 mL, water that is deemed no risk by the World Health Organization. The CODEINSE method has the potential to improve water quality not only in the rural Andean communities in Ecuador but also in developing countries across the world.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM DATABASE ONLINE MONITORING (OnLimo) KUALITAS AIR

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heru Dwi Wahjono
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Online Monitoring ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Base System ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Processing Water

Recent water quality decrease has caused difficult in finding clean water source for people and their daily life. Monitoring on water quality had been carried out many times, from up stream to down stream. It’s necessary to do Online Monitoring on ground and underground water quality continuously, so that the effect of water quality decrease could be detected earlier and handle directly. The output of water quality data needs to be processed so that the society and the decision makers could see the information publicly. So, we need a design of structured database of online and real-time water quality data processing. Water quality data management using structured data base system could make water source data retracing easier. Katakunci : database struktur, online monitoring, real time monitoring 

scholarly journals Children drinking private well water have higher blood lead than those with city water

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (29) ◽  
pp. 16898-16907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson ◽  
Michael Fisher ◽  
Allison Clonch ◽  
John M. MacDonald ◽  
Philip J. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Community Water ◽  
Pb Exposure ◽  
City Water ◽  
Private Wells

Although the Flint, Michigan, water crisis renewed concerns about lead (Pb) in city drinking water, little attention has been paid to Pb in private wells, which provide drinking water for 13% of the US population. This study evaluates the risk of Pb exposure in children in households relying on private wells. It is based on a curated dataset of blood Pb records from 59,483 North Carolina children matched with household water source information. We analyze the dataset for statistical associations between children’s blood Pb and household drinking water source. The analysis shows that children in homes relying on private wells have 25% increased odds (95% CI 6.2 to 48%,P< 0.01) of elevated blood Pb, compared with children in houses served by a community water system that is regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. This increased Pb exposure is likely a result of corrosion of household plumbing and well components, because homes relying on private wells rarely treat their water to prevent corrosion. In contrast, corrosion control is required in regulated community water systems. These findings highlight the need for targeted outreach to prevent Pb exposure for the 42.5 million Americans depending on private wells for their drinking water.

scholarly journals Water quality condition of Sani river as source of drinking water of PDAM Tirta Bening in Pati Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 06040
Author(s):  
Evta Rina Mailisa ◽  
Bambang Yulianto ◽  
Budi Warsito
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
River Water Quality ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Water Quality Status ◽  
Quality Status

Sani river is one of the rivers in Pati Regency, provided as the drinking water source by PDAM Tirta Bening. The people’s activities inhabit along the Sani river affect its water quality. The purpose of this study was 1) analyzed the quality of the Sani river water, and 2) evaluated the status of the Sani river water quality. The data used was the 2018 Sani river water quality data obtained from the Environmental Services of Pati Regency. The study's location was represented by selected three monitoring points, i.e., upstream, middle, and downstream areas of the Sani river, such as the Seloromo reservoir, Sidokerto village, and Gilis hamlet. For knowing the river water quality level, it was necessary to compare the river water quality data with the Indonesia Government Regulation (PP) No. 82/2001. The Sani river water quality status was analyzed using the pollution index method according to the Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 115/2003. In conclusion, the Sani river water quality status in such the- study site was classified as slightly polluted and moderate polluted.

scholarly journals Characterization of Surface Water Quality along Ismailia Canal, Nile River, Egypt

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ahmed Reda Hamed
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Nile River ◽  
Sampling Station ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
Water Quality Data

Ismailia Canal, one of the main branches of the Nile River in Egypt, is considered as one of the most important irrigation and drinking water source for Ismailia, Port Said and Suez governorates. The canal received industrial, municipal and agricultural wastewater which caused deterioration in its water quality. To determine the spatial variability of Ismailia canal water quality and identify the sources of pollution that presently affect the canal water quality, the scope of study was divided into three main parts. In the first part, the assessment of water quality data was monitored at thirty different sampling station along the canal, over the period of two years (2017, 2018), using 30 physicochemical and biological water quality variables and using multivariate statistics of principal components analysis (PCA) to interpret before the step of analyzing the concealed variables that determined the variance of observed water quality of various source points was conducted. In the second part, the major dominant factors responsible for canal water quality variations was driven. In the third part, K-means algorithm was used for cluster characterization analysis.The result of PCA shows that 8 principal components contained the key variables and accounted for 87.34% of total variance of the canal water quality and the dominant water quality parameters were: Lead (Pb), Total Phosphorus (TP), Ammonia (NH3), Turbidity, Fecal Coliform (FC), Iron (Fe) and Aluminum (AL). However, the results from K-Means Algorithm for clustering analysis were based on the dominant parameters concentrations, determined 5 cluster groups and produced cluster centers (prototypes). Referring to the clustering classification, a noted water quality was deteriorating as the cluster number increased from 1 to 5, thus the cluster grouping could be used to identify the physical, chemical and biological processes creating the variations in the canal water quality parameters.This study provides an insight into the various statistical models, when water quality monitoring data are combined with spatial data for characterizing spatial and temporal trends, indicating their important potential for decreasing the costs associated with monitoring. This can also be very useful to international water resource authorities for the control and management of pollution and better protection of surface water quality.

A large waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak in central Greece, March 2012: challenges for the investigation and management

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. MELLOU ◽  
A. KATSIOULIS ◽  
M. POTAMITI-KOMI ◽  
S. POURNARAS ◽  
M. KYRITSI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
Central Greece ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYIn March 2012, there was an unusual increase of gastroenteritis cases in a district with 37 264 inhabitants in central Greece. It was estimated that more than 3600 people developed symptoms. A 1:1 case-control study showed that consumption of tap water was a risk factor for acquiring infection [odds ratio (OR) 2·18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·11–4·28]. Descriptive data, low gastroenteritis incidence in adjacent areas with different water supply systems, and water-quality data further supported the hypothesis of a waterborne outbreak. Thirty-eight stool samples were positive for rotavirus. Bacterial indicators of recent faecal contamination were detected in samples from the water source and ice cubes from a local production enterprise. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus strains, apart from the common strain, G3[P8], identified the unusual G/P combination G2P[8]. Water sanitation measures contributed to the control of the outbreak. This outbreak demonstrated the need for the cooperation of laboratories with different expertise and the importance of early notification of waterborne gastroenteritis outbreaks.

Global return flow ratio

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloé Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
Flow Ratio ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Dug Wells

Population using an improved drinking water source (piped water into dwellings, yards or plots; public taps or standpipes; boreholes or tubewells; protected dug wells; or protected springs and rainwater) that is located on premises and available when needed and which is free of faecal and priority chemical contamination. Basin Pollution Quality Waste

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