Comparison of generic and proprietary aquatic herbicides for control of invasive vegetation; part 3 : submersed plants

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.21079/11681/42061 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christopher Mudge ◽

Kurt Getsinger

Keyword(s):

Active Ingredient ◽

Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽

Hydrilla Verticillata ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Small Scale ◽

Ceratophyllum Demersum ◽

Eurasian Watermilfoil ◽

Severity Of Injury ◽

Aquatic Herbicides ◽

Generic Products

Herbicide selection is key to efficiently managing nuisance vegetation in our nation’s waterways. After selecting the active ingredient, there still remains multiple proprietary and generic products to choose from. Recent small-scale research has been conducted to compare the efficacy of these herbicides against floating and emergent species. Therefore, a series of mesocosm and growth chamber trials were conducted to evaluate subsurface applications of the following herbicides against submersed plants: diquat versus coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.), hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata L.f. Royle), southern naiad (Najas guadalupensis (Sprengel) Magnus), and Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.); flumioxazin versus coontail, hydrilla, and Eurasian watermilfoil; and triclopyr against Eurasian watermilfoil. All active ingredients were applied at concentrations commonly used to manage these species in public waters. Visually, all herbicides within a particular active ingredient performed similarly with regard to the onset and severity of injury symptoms throughout the trials. All trials, except diquat versus Eurasian watermilfoil, resulted in no differences in efficacy among the 14 proprietary and generic herbicides tested, and all herbicides provided 43%–100% control, regardless of active ingredient and trial. Under mesocosm and growth chamber conditions, the majority of the generic and proprietary herbicides evaluated against submersed plants provided similar control.

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Absorption and Translocation of Florpyrauxifen-benzyl in Ten Aquatic Plant Species

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/wsc.2021.38 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Erika J. Haug ◽

Khalied A. Ahmed ◽

Travis W. Gannon ◽

Rob J. Richardson

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Plant Species ◽

Aquatic Plant ◽

Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽

Hydrilla Verticillata ◽

State University ◽

North Carolina State University ◽

Eurasian Watermilfoil ◽

Body Of Knowledge ◽

Aquatic Herbicide

Abstract Additional active ingredients are needed for use in aquatic systems in order to respond to new threats or treatment scenarios, enhance selectivity, reduce use rates, and to mitigate the risk of herbicide-resistance. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl is a new synthetic auxin developed for use as an aquatic herbicide. A study was conducted at North Carolina State University, in which 10 µg L−1 of 25% radiolabeled florpyrauxifen-benzyl was applied to the isolated shoot tissue of ten different aquatic plant species in order to elucidate absorption and translocation patterns in these species. Extremely high levels of shoot absorption were observed for all species and uptake was rapid. Highest shoot absorptions were observed for crested floatingheart [Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) Kuntze] (A192 =20 µg g−1), dioecious hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle] (A192 =25.3 µg g−1), variable watermilfoil (Myriophyllum heterophylum Michx.) (A192 =40.1 µg g−1) and Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) (A192 =25.3 µg g−1). Evidence of translocation was observed in all rooted species tested with the greatest translocation observed in N. cristata (1.28 µg g-1 at 192 HAT). The results of this study add to the growing body of knowledge surrounding the behavior of this newly registered herbicide within aquatic plants.

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Seasonal Study for Habitat of Myriophyllum spicatum L. in Al-Burgga Marsh, Hor Al-Hammar, Southern Iraq

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.11.3.1145-1154 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 1145-1154

Author(s):

Baghdad Science Journal

Keyword(s):

Water Depth ◽

Vegetation Cover ◽

Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Hydrilla Verticillata ◽

Ceratophyllum Demersum ◽

Light Penetration ◽

Associated Species ◽

Negative Relationships

Myriophyllum spicatum distribution in Al-Burgga marsh, Hor Al-Hammar was described in relation to some of the physical-chemical properties for its habitat (water depth, light penetration, water temperature, water salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, Ca+2, Mg+2, reactive NO2=, reactive NO3-1, and reactive PO4-3) during 2011, seasonally. CANOCO ordination program (CCA) was used to analyse the data. Its vegetation cover percentage was with its peak at summer, its value was 90 %, while the lowest value was 20 % in winter. Statistically, Positive relationships for WT, sal., Ca+2, Mg+2, reactive NO2=, reactive NO3-1, and reactive PO4-3 with the vegetation cover percentage were observed. While, negative relationships for WD, pH, and DO with the vegetation cover percentage were observed. Also, the negative relationship between light penetration and the vegetation cover percentage can be attributed to the water depth, which was shallow and the light penetration followed water depth and reached to the bottom during all of the period study. In addition, two species were registered with Myriophyllum spicatum community as associated species, which are Hydrilla verticillata and Ceratophyllum demersum.

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Evaluating Sensitivity of Five Aquatic Plants to a Novel Arylpicolinate Herbicide Utilizing an Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Protocol

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-15-00092.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 181-190

Author(s):

Michael D. Netherland ◽

Robert J. Richardson

Keyword(s):

Aquatic Plants ◽

Weed Management ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Economic Cooperation ◽

Benzyl Ester ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Small Scale ◽

Aquatic Weed ◽

Eurasian Watermilfoil ◽

Static Conditions

New arylpicolinate herbicide chemistry under development for rice, aquatic weed management, and other uses was evaluated using five aquatic plants. The herbicide 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-pyridine-2-benzyl ester—also identified as XDE-848 BE or SX-1552 (proposed International Organization for Standardization common name in review; active tradename RinskorTM)—and its acid form (XDE-848 acid or SX-1552A) were evaluated on three dicots: (1) Eurasian watermilfoil (EWM), (2) megalodonta, and (3) crested floating heart (CFH), and two monocots: (1) hydrilla and (2) elodea. A small-scale Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) protocol developed using EWM for registration studies was utilized. EWM and megalodonta were also evaluated in larger-scale mesocosms for comparison. In-water concentrations between 0.01 and 243 μg ai L−1as SX-1552 or SX-1552A were applied under static conditions for 14 (growth chamber) or 28 d (mesocosm). EWM was susceptible to both SX-1552 and SX-1552A, with dry-weight 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of 0.11 and 0.23 μg ai L−1under growth chamber conditions. Megalodonta had EC50values of 11.3 and 14.5 μg ai L−1for the SX-1552 and SX-1552A. CFH was more sensitive to SX-1552 (EC50= 5.6 μg ai L−1) than to SX-1552A (EC50= 23.9 μg ai L−1). Hydrilla had EC50values of 1.4 and 2.5 μg ai L−1, whereas elodea was more tolerant, with EC50values of 6.9 and 13.1 μg ai L−1for SX-1552 and SX-1552A, respectively. For EWM mesocosm trials, EC50values for SX-1552 and 1552A were 0.12 μg ai L−1and 0.58 μg ai L−1, whereas the megalodonta EC50was 6.1 μg ai L−1. Activity of SX-1552 on EWM, hydrilla, and CFH merits continued investigation for selective aquatic weed control properties. Results suggest that the OECD protocol can be used to screen activity of herbicides for multiple aquatic plant species.

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Comparison of Generic and Proprietary Aquatic Herbicides for Control of Invasive Vegetation : Part 2. Emergent Plants

10.21079/11681/39679 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christopher R. Mudge ◽

Kurt D. Getsinger

Keyword(s):

Active Ingredient ◽

Emergent Vegetation ◽

Product Performance ◽

Alternanthera Philoxeroides ◽

Small Scale ◽

Typha Domingensis ◽

Brand Name ◽

Emergent Plants ◽

The Us ◽

Aquatic Herbicides

Aquatic herbicides are one of the most effective and widespread ways to manage nuisance vegetation in the US After the active ingredient is selected, often there are numerous proprietary and generic branded products to select from. To date, limited efforts have been made to compare the efficacy of brand name and generic herbicides head to head; therefore, at tot al of 20 mesocosm trials were conducted to evaluate various 2,4 -D, glyphosate, imazapyr, and triclopyr products against alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.), southern cattail (hereafter referred to as cattail, Typha domingensis Pers.), and creeping water primrose (hereafter referred as primrose, Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H. Raven). All active ingredients were applied to foliage at broadcast rates commonly used in applications to public waters. Proprietary and generic 2,4 -D, glyphosate, imazapyr, and triclopyr were efficacious and provided 39 to 99% control of alligatorweed, cattail and primrose in 19 of the 20 trials. There were no significant differences i n product performance except glyphosate vs. alligatorweed (trial 1, Rodeo vs. Roundup Custom) and glyphosate vs. cattail (trial 1, Rodeo vs. Glyphosate 5.4). These results demonstrate under small -scale conditions, the majority of the generic and proprietary herbicides provided similar control of emergent vegetation, regardless of active ingredient

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Viability of Aquatic Plant Fragments following Desiccation

Invasive Plant Science and Management ◽

10.1614/ipsm-d-12-00060.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 320-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Matthew A. Barnes ◽

Christopher L. Jerde ◽

Doug Keller ◽

W. Lindsay Chadderton ◽

Jennifer G. Howeth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Loss ◽

Aquatic Plants ◽

Aquatic Plant ◽

Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽

Hydrilla Verticillata ◽

Ceratophyllum Demersum ◽

Myriophyllum Aquaticum ◽

Potamogeton Crispus ◽

Air Exposure ◽

Desiccation Rate

AbstractDesiccation following prolonged air exposure challenges survival of aquatic plants during droughts, water drawdowns, and overland dispersal. To improve predictions of plant response to air exposure, we observed the viability of vegetative fragments of 10 aquatic plant species (Cabomba caroliniana, Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, Egeria densa, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Myriophyllum heterophyllum, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton richardsonii, and Hydrilla verticillata) following desiccation. We recorded mass loss, desiccation rate, and plant fragment survival across a range of air exposures. Mass loss accurately predicted viability of aquatic plant fragments upon reintroduction to water. However, similar periods of air exposure differentially affected viability between species. Understanding viability following desiccation can contribute to predicting dispersal, improving eradication protocols, and disposing of aquatic plants following removal from invaded lakes or contaminated equipment.

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Efficacy of florpyrauxifen-benzyl for eurasian watermilfoil control and nontarget Illinois pondweed, elodea, and coontail response

10.21079/11681/42063 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christopher Mudge ◽

Bradley Sartain ◽

Benjamin Sperry ◽

Kurt Getsinger

Keyword(s):

Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽

Benzyl Ester ◽

Elodea Canadensis ◽

Short Exposure ◽

Ceratophyllum Demersum ◽

Eurasian Watermilfoil ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Aquatic Herbicide ◽

Target Plant ◽

Myriophyllum Spicatum L

This research evaluated low concentrations and short exposure times of the recently registered aquatic herbicide florpyrauxifen-benzyl (4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-pyridine-2-benzyl ester) on the target plant Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L., hereafter referred to as EWM) as well as selectivity towards the nontarget submersed species Illinois pondweed (Potamogeton illinoensis Morong), elodea (Elodea canadensis Michx.), and coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.)

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The effect of ice phenology exerted on submerged macrophytes through physicochemical parameters and the phytoplankton abundance

Journal of Limnology ◽

10.4081/jlimnol.2015.1207 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wojciech Ejankowski ◽

Tomasz Lenard

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Parameters ◽

Aquatic Vegetation ◽

Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽

Ice Cover ◽

Water Transparency ◽

Ceratophyllum Demersum ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Eutrophic Lakes ◽

Macrophyte Species ◽

Tn:Tp Ratio

The physicochemical parameters of water, the concentration of chlorophyll-a and the submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) were studied to evaluate the effects of different winter seasons on the biomass of macrophytes in shallow eutrophic lakes. We hypothesised that a lack of ice cover or early ice-out can influence the physicochemical parameters of water and thus change the conditions for the development of phytoplankton and SAV. The studies were conducted in four lakes of the Western Polesie region in mid-eastern Poland after mild winters with early ice-out (MW, 2011 and 2014) and after cold winters with late ice-out (CW, 2010, 2012 and 2013). The concentrations of soluble and total nitrogen, chlorophyll-a and the TN:TP ratio in the lakes were considerably higher, whereas the concentration of soluble and total phosphorus and water transparency were significantly lower after the MW compared with after the CW. No differences were found in water temperature, reaction and electrolytic conductivity. Low water turbidity linked with low concentration of chlorophyll-a after the CW resulted in increased water transparency and the total biomass of the SAV. The negative effect of the MW on the macrophyte species was stronger on more sensitive species (Myriophyllum spicatum, Stratiotes aloides) compared with shade tolerant Ceratophyllum demersum. Our findings show that the ice cover phenology affected by climate warming can change the balance between phytoplankton and benthic vegetation in shallow eutrophic lakes, acting as a shift between clear and turbid water states. We speculate that various responses of macrophyte species to changes in the water quality after two winter seasons (CW and MW) could cause alterations in the vegetation biomass, particularly the expansion of shade tolerance and the decline of light-demanding species after a series of mild winters.

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Defense Mechanisms of Two Pioneer Submerged Plants during Their Optimal Performance Period in the Bioaccumulation of Lead: A Comparative Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15122844 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 2844 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dian Li ◽

Linglei Zhang ◽

Min Chen ◽

Xiaojia He ◽

Jia Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Protein Content ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Hydrilla Verticillata ◽

Optimal Performance ◽

Ceratophyllum Demersum ◽

Contaminated Water ◽

Submerged Plants ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Mda Content

Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, two pioneer, submerged plants, effectively remove heavy metals from contaminated water. The present work evaluates the bioaccumulation and defense mechanisms of these plants in the accumulation of lead from contaminated water during their optimal performance period. C. demersum and H. verticillata were investigated after 14 days of exposure to various lead concentrations (5–80 μM). The lead accumulation in both C. demersum and H. verticillata increased with an increasing lead concentration, reaching maximum values of 2462.7 and 1792 mg kg−1 dw, respectively, at 80 μM. The biomass and protein content decreased significantly in C. demersum when exposed to lead. The biomass of H. verticillata exposed to lead had no significant difference from that of the controls, and the protein content increased for the 5–10 μM exposure groups. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities were much higher in C. demersum, suggesting considerable damage from lipid peroxidation and sensitivity to lead stress. Enzyme inhibition and inactivation were also observed in C. demersum at high lead concentrations (40–80 μM). The excellent growth status, low damage from lipid peroxidation, and high activity of catalase (CAT) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) observed in H. verticillata illustrate its better tolerance under the same lead stress.

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