scholarly journals Comparison of Generic and Proprietary Aquatic Herbicides for Control of Invasive Vegetation : Part 2. Emergent Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Mudge ◽  
Kurt D. Getsinger
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Emergent Vegetation ◽  
Product Performance ◽  
Alternanthera Philoxeroides ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Typha Domingensis ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Emergent Plants ◽  
The Us ◽  
Aquatic Herbicides

Aquatic herbicides are one of the most effective and widespread ways to manage nuisance vegetation in the US After the active ingredient is selected, often there are numerous proprietary and generic branded products to select from. To date, limited efforts have been made to compare the efficacy of brand name and generic herbicides head to head; therefore, at tot al of 20 mesocosm trials were conducted to evaluate various 2,4 -D, glyphosate, imazapyr, and triclopyr products against alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.), southern cattail (hereafter referred to as cattail, Typha domingensis Pers.), and creeping water primrose (hereafter referred as primrose, Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H. Raven). All active ingredients were applied to foliage at broadcast rates commonly used in applications to public waters. Proprietary and generic 2,4 -D, glyphosate, imazapyr, and triclopyr were efficacious and provided 39 to 99% control of alligatorweed, cattail and primrose in 19 of the 20 trials. There were no significant differences i n product performance except glyphosate vs. alligatorweed (trial 1, Rodeo vs. Roundup Custom) and glyphosate vs. cattail (trial 1, Rodeo vs. Glyphosate 5.4). These results demonstrate under small -scale conditions, the majority of the generic and proprietary herbicides provided similar control of emergent vegetation, regardless of active ingredient

scholarly journals Comparison of generic and proprietary aquatic herbicides for control of invasive vegetation; part 3 : submersed plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Mudge ◽  
Kurt Getsinger
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽  
Hydrilla Verticillata ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ceratophyllum Demersum ◽  
Eurasian Watermilfoil ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
Aquatic Herbicides ◽  
Generic Products

Herbicide selection is key to efficiently managing nuisance vegetation in our nation’s waterways. After selecting the active ingredient, there still remains multiple proprietary and generic products to choose from. Recent small-scale research has been conducted to compare the efficacy of these herbicides against floating and emergent species. Therefore, a series of mesocosm and growth chamber trials were conducted to evaluate subsurface applications of the following herbicides against submersed plants: diquat versus coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.), hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata L.f. Royle), southern naiad (Najas guadalupensis (Sprengel) Magnus), and Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.); flumioxazin versus coontail, hydrilla, and Eurasian watermilfoil; and triclopyr against Eurasian watermilfoil. All active ingredients were applied at concentrations commonly used to manage these species in public waters. Visually, all herbicides within a particular active ingredient performed similarly with regard to the onset and severity of injury symptoms throughout the trials. All trials, except diquat versus Eurasian watermilfoil, resulted in no differences in efficacy among the 14 proprietary and generic herbicides tested, and all herbicides provided 43%–100% control, regardless of active ingredient and trial. Under mesocosm and growth chamber conditions, the majority of the generic and proprietary herbicides evaluated against submersed plants provided similar control.

scholarly journals Prioritizing HIV comparative effectiveness trials based on value of information: generic versus brand-name ART in the US

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 207-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela P. Pei ◽  
Milton C. Weinstein ◽  
X. Cynthia Li ◽  
Michael D. Hughes ◽  
A. David Paltiel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Effectiveness ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
The Us ◽  
Effectiveness Trials

Indication-Specific Generic Uptake of Imatinib Demonstrates the Impact of Skinny Labeling

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan S. Walsh ◽  
Aaron S. Kesselheim ◽  
Ameet Sarpatwari ◽  
Benjamin N. Rome
Keyword(s):  
Patent Protection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Generic Competition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lower Drug ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Brand Name Drugs

PURPOSE Generic competition can be delayed if brand-name manufacturers obtain additional patents on supplemental uses. The US Food and Drug Administration allows generic drug manufacturers to market versions with skinny labels that exclude patent-protected indications. This study assessed whether use of generic versions of imatinib varied between indications included and excluded from the skinny labels. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we identified adult patients covered by commercial insurance or Medicare Advantage plans who initiated imatinib from February 2016 (first generic availability) to September 2020. Generic versions were introduced with skinny labels that included indications covering treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) but excluded treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) because of remaining patent protections. Logistic regression was used to determine whether use of generic versus brand-name imatinib differed between patients with a diagnosis of CML or GIST, adjusting for demographics, insurance type, prior use of brand-name drugs, and calendar month. RESULTS Among 2,000 initiators, 934 (47%) had CML and 686 (34%) had GIST. Within 3 years after generics entered the market, more than 90% of initiators in both groups used generic imatinib. Initiation of generic imatinib was slightly lower among patients with GIST than among patients with CML (85% v 88%; adjusted odds ratio 0.56; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.80; P ≤ .001). CONCLUSION Generic versions of imatinib were dispensed frequently for indications both included (CML) and excluded (GIST) from the skinny labeling, although patients with GIST were slightly less likely to receive a generic version. The skinny labeling pathway allowed generics to enter the market before patent protection for treating patients with GIST expired, facilitating lower drug prices.

Protohistoric Marine Shell Working: New Evidence from Northern Illinois

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine McLeester ◽  
Mark R. Schurr ◽  
Katherine M. Sterner ◽  
Robert E. Ahlrichs
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Craft Specialization ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Midwest ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Marine Shell

In the US Midwest, the working of marine shell procured through vast trade networks has typically been associated with elite prestige economies and craft specialization at major Mississippian centers. Outside of these contexts, marine shell goods are often assumed to have been brought into communities as completed goods. A recent finding suggests that local, small-scale marine shell working occurred at an early seventeenth-century village in northern Illinois, Middle Grant Creek (11Wi2739). This finding represents the first probable evidence of marine shell working in the Midwest outside of large, Mississippian contexts. Consequently, this practice may be much more geographically and temporally expansive than previously thought. This evidence encourages a rethinking of marine shell finds whenever they are assumed to be imported as finished goods.

Distance to slaughter, markets and feed sources used by small-scale food animal operations in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Beam ◽  
D.D. Thilmany ◽  
R.W. Pritchard ◽  
L.P. Garber ◽  
D.C. Van Metre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Direct Marketing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
The Us ◽  
Systematic Sample

AbstractDistances to common production and marketing supply chain destinations may vary, and this has economic and animal health implications for small-scale food animal operations. Proximity to these destinations can affect the economic viability and marketing decisions of small-scale operations and may represent significant barriers to sustainability. Data were collected using a cross-sectional survey conducted by the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Animal Health Monitoring System in 2011 using a stratified systematic sample of 16,000 small-scale (gross annual farm sales between US$10,000 and 499,999) operations from all 50 states. A total of 7925 food-animal operations were asked about the farthest one-way distance (in miles) to slaughter facilities, destinations where they sold animals or products, and feed sources. Across all small-scale operations, 95% of operations reported the farthest distance animals or products were transported for sale was 241 km (150 miles) or less. For distance to slaughter facilities, 95% of operations reported the farthest distance was 145 km (90 miles) or less. For feed shipped by a supplier, 95% of operations reported the farthest distance was 322 km (200 miles) or less. The 95th percentile for distance increased as farm sales increased, indicating larger operations were more likely to travel long distances. The results of this study are an important benchmark for understanding the economic and animal health implications of long transportation distances for operations that are small and/or focused on direct marketing.

Gamer emotions in laughter

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-318
Author(s):  
Minako O’Hagan ◽  
Marian Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Native Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cultural Stereotypes ◽  
Emotional Function ◽  
The Us ◽  
Casual Game ◽  
Oriented Approach

Abstract This study is motivated by the assumption that today’s function-oriented game localisation approach has room for improvement by incorporating an affect-oriented approach. It draws on the concept of “affective framing” in a game with humour as “emotionally competent stimuli”. Laughter as emotion data were collected from German, Japanese and Irish participants playing in their native language relevant versions of the US-origin casual game Plants vs. Zombies. This small-scale empirical study, combined with gamer interviews and gameplay trajectory, reveal evidence of specific functions of gamer emotions across all three groups, most often as a relief during game play, facilitating the gamer’s ability to retain engagement by accessing the emotional function of humour. The data suggest that affective framing through humour that is made culturally relevant is deemed more important for the German group than the other groups. This group negatively perceived cultural stereotypes in the game, whereas the Irish group perceived cultural associations positively. The focus on user emotions brings the neglected affective dimension to the fore and towards affect-oriented game localisation as interdisciplinary research.

A Small-Scale Solution for a Big Energy Problem: Renewable Distributed Energy

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee Comly ◽  
Alex Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Problem ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us

A Small-Scale Solution for a Big Energy Problem: Renewable Distributed Energy. Locally generated biomass, industrial and municipal wastes, coal and plastics have a significant part to play in providing a source of reliable and economic energy in the US. The ability to use these materials reliably and cleanly can be addressed with small-scale gasification technology to provide distributed generation. A technology that has improved on the historical success of gasification to provide these elements is TURNW2E™ Gasification. This technology is specifically designed to convert locally available energy resources into a clean fuel gas which is then subsequently used for heat and or power generation. This technology has the ability to operate cleanly and interchangeably using waste materials and /or coal. With the ability to produce power economically from 100 kW to 5 MW it can provide distributed generation at institutions, DOD facilities, and industrial complexes. This creates a reliable and economical energy source for the user, while disposing of wastes in an environmentally sound manner. This replaces landfill use with the energy transformation process of gasification, which provides enormous environmental benefits, including the elimination of carcinogens and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions caused by incineration processes. The use of renewable biomass and wastes provides a sustainable source of electricity that is unrestricted by grid access, providing tremendous potential to reduce US fuel imports. Using this approach, the user can create jobs and power in a sustainable scenario; without sending precious energy dollars overseas, using this process in a distributed manner will help strengthen our nation’s economy, and provide improvements to the quality of life wherever it is installed. By having the ability to use many different feedstocks, the technology can enable the avoidance of landfilling MSW and industrial wastes, including tires; it can use waste wood such as railroad ties, beetle-infested pine, and forestry wastes, farm wastes and natural disaster debris to generate renewable energy for local use or sale to the grid. Materials for processing are varied, and thus, the technology flexibility enables small-scale use in a wide range of installations, a landfill site, transfer station, farm, hospital, manufacturing facility, resort, DOD base, island community, university, and local municipal site. TURNW2E™ Gasification is available at commercial scale and is currently installed at two facilities overseas, with three US facilities planned for ’09. A training and continuing education /R&D facility is underway in the US.

Burn Chamber Test of Ex Situ Thermal Impulse Sensors

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-524
Author(s):  
Benjamin R. Anderson ◽  
Natalie Gese ◽  
Ray Gunawidjaja ◽  
Hergen Eilers
Keyword(s):  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Current Test ◽  
Oxide Precursor ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lab Test

Recently, we reported on a novel ex situ thermal impulse sensing technique (based on lanthanide-doped oxide precursor nanoparticles) for use in structural fire forensics and demonstrated its functionality in small-scale lab-based tests. As a next step we have now performed a large-scale lab test at the US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) Fire Research Laboratory using a burn chamber with three sand burners. In this test we demonstrate our technique’s ability to determine the average temperature experienced by surfaces during the fire. While we successfully demonstrate our techniques accuracy, we also discover several previously unknown vulnerabilities. Namely, we find that: (1) our current method of embedding sensors in paint results in our sensor particles being difficult to recover (due to a large quantity of debris), (2) the current test panels have poor survivability, (3) debris from the fire tests interferes with excitation of dopant Dy ions (limiting our sensors’ functionality), and (4) dispersal in paint results in suppression of the (metastable)tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transition of ZrO2. To overcome these vulnerabilities we are evaluating new panel materials, paints, and lanthanide-dopants.

Waste Minimization In Semiconductor Processing

1994 ◽  
Vol 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Hardwick ◽  
Joanne C. Mailloux
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Mixed Oxide ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Waste Minimization ◽  
Semiconductor Processing ◽  
The Us

AbstractThe US semiconductor industry uses 5–7 thousand pounds of arsine annually. Fifty to eighty percent of the arsine used becomes a waste product, which requires abatement. Traditional methods of abatement are reviewed with an emphasis on dry chemical scrubbing. A variety of dry chemical scrubbing materials were evaluated for arsine capacity, using activated carbon as the baseline for comparison. A proprietary mixed oxide composition, employing copper oxide as the active ingredient was identified as having high capacity and efficiency. Disposal and possible reclamation options are discussed.

A New Old Spirituality for Youth Ministry? Christian Discipleship and Practice in the Norwegian CrossRoad Movement

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 40-58
Author(s):  
Tone Strangeland Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Youth Ministry ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Spiritual Practice ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Traditional Religion ◽  
Cultural Climate ◽  
The Us ◽  
Christian Discipleship

Making the case that Christian discipleship in the Scandinavian movement Korsvei (CrossRoad Movement, abbreviated CRM) is enacted and understood as a new old spirituality, this article asks why the CRM is considered relevant by an increasing number of people, including youth. This small scale research is designed as a case study of the CRM based on document analysis of the spirituality of the movement in dialogue with Diana Butler Bass’ research on practicing or pilgrimage congregations in the US context and in light of the concepts subjectivization and retraditionalization. It draws on Paul Heelas and Linda Woodhead’s work The Spiritual Revolution, yet questions their conclusion that traditional religion is giving way to holistic spirituality. The present article rather argues that a cultural climate of subjectivization also within the Christian context in Norway has led to the negotiation of tradition and to old spiritual practices being approached in a new way, here called retraditionalization. It further suggests that the new old spirituality of the CRM might be considered a resource for youth ministry in a time when an emphasis on spiritual practice and communities has entered the curriculum of youth ministry.

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