scholarly journals A simple nonparametric test of the difference of location of two populations

1957 ◽  
Vol 02 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-221
Author(s):  
Zbyněk Šidák ◽  
Jiří Vondráček
Keyword(s):  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Populations

A nonparametric test for association with multiple loci in the retrospective case-control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-602
Author(s):  
Chan Wang ◽  
Shufang Deng ◽  
Leiming Sun ◽  
Liming Li ◽  
Yue-Qing Hu
Keyword(s):  
Rare Variants ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Multiple Loci ◽  
Common Diseases ◽  
The Difference

The genome-wide association studies aim at identifying common or rare variants associated with common diseases and explaining more heritability. It is well known that common diseases are influenced by multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are usually correlated in location or function. In order to powerfully detect association signals, it is highly desirable to take account of correlations or linkage disequilibrium (LD) information among multiple SNPs in testing for association. In this article, we propose a test SLIDE that depicts the difference of the average multi-locus genotypes between cases and controls and derive its variance–covariance matrix in the retrospective design. This matrix is composed of the pairwise LD between SNPs. Thus SLIDE can borrow the strength from an external database in the population of interest with a few thousands to hundreds of thousands individuals to improve the power for detecting association. Extensive simulations show that SLIDE has apparent superiority over the existing methods, especially in the situation involving both common and rare variants, both protective and deleterious variants. Furthermore, the efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated in the application to the data from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium.

A Critique and Improvement of the CL Common Language Effect Size Statistics of McGraw and Wong

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Vargha ◽  
Harold D. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Interval Estimation ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Exact Methods ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Discrete Values ◽  
Two Populations

McGraw and Wong (1992) described an appealing index of effect size, called CL, which measures the difference between two populations in terms of the probability that a score sampled at random from the first population will be greater than a score sampled at random from the second. McGraw and Wong introduced this "common language effect size statistic" for normal distributions and then proposed an approximate estimation for any continuous distribution. In addition, they generalized CL to the n-group case, the correlated samples case, and the discrete values case. In the current paper a different generalization of CL, called the A measure of stochastic superiority, is proposed, which may be directly applied for any discrete or continuous variable that is at least ordinally scaled. Exact methods for point and interval estimation as well as the significance tests of the A = .5 hypothesis are provided. New generalizations ofCL are provided for the multi-group and correlated samples cases.

Testing for Asymmetrical Gene Flow in aDrosophila melanogasterBody-Size Cline

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 165 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Jason Kennington ◽  
Julia Gockel ◽  
Linda Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Genetic Parameter ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Microsatellite Data ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Private Alleles

AbstractAsymmetrical gene flow is an important, but rarely examined genetic parameter. Here, we develop a new method for detecting departures from symmetrical migration between two populations using microsatellite data that are based on the difference in the proportion of private alleles. Application of this approach to data collected from wild-caught Drosophila melanogaster along a latitudinal body-size cline in eastern Australia revealed that asymmetrical gene flow could be detected, but was uncommon, nonlocalized, and occurred in both directions. We also show that, in contrast to the findings of a previous study, there is good evidence to suggest that the cline experiences significant levels of gene flow between populations.

scholarly journals First results of Central Asiatic Euchalcia DNA-studies: comparison of nucleotide sequence differences in COI between Euchalcia herrichi and Euchalcia gyulai (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Stanislav K Korb
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Cytochrome C Oxidase ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
First Results ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Two Populations

We submitted first results of the DNA studies of the Central Asiatic owlet moths of the genus Euchalcia. Standard cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragments were sequenced for DNA barcoding of six specimens belonging to Euchalcia herrichi and Euchalcia gyulai. We compared the received sequences between discussed species and with two European Euchalcia species (E. variabilis and E. consona). We found no variability within the COI sequences of the samples collected in the same locality (Alai Mts., Kyrgyzstan), whereas the difference in COI sequences between two populations (Ketmen Mts., Kazakhstan and Alai Mts., Kyrgyzstan) was 0.005.

Method of Generated Responses and Schizophrenic Deficit

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 975-982
Author(s):  
Anne Marie Bercik ◽  
John H. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Paired Associates ◽  
High Dominance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Do So

Schizophrenic and control Ss were compared on the method of generated responses (MGR) and conventional paired-associates (PA), using lists of stimuli which elicited either primarily one response or several responses. The low-dominance list was more difficult, and schizophrenics were generally slower in learning. The MGR, with Ss producing their own responses, was easier than conventional PA (yoked controls). While the MGR reduced the difference between the low- and high-dominance lists, it did not do so differentially for the two populations. The results were discussed in terms of Broen and Storms' theory of “collapsed” response hierarchies in schizophrenia.

scholarly journals A clinical comparison of three aligning archwires in terms of alignment efficiency: A prospective clinical trial

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem Sh. Abdelrahman ◽  
Kazem S. Al-Nimri ◽  
Emad F. Al Maaitah
Keyword(s):  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Initial Alignment ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Fixed Appliance ◽  
Irregularity Index ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Wilks Lambda ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT Objectives:  To clinically evaluate the effectiveness of three orthodontic aligning archwires in relation to tooth alignment speed during the initial alignment stage of treatment. Materials and Methods:  A consecutive sample of 74 patients requiring lower only or upper and lower fixed orthodontic appliances were randomly allocated into three different archwires (0.014-inch superelastic nickel-titanium [NiTi], 0.014-inch thermoelastic NiTi, or 0.014-inch conventional NiTi). Good quality impressions were taken of the lower arch before archwire placement (T0) and at designated serial stages of alignment (every 2 weeks: T2, T4, T6, …, T16). The change in tooth alignment was measured in millimeters from the resultant casts using Little's irregularity index. Demographic and clinical differences among the three groups were compared with the chi-square or analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The difference in the change of lower anterior tooth alignment over time among the three groups was explored with a Split Plot ANOVA (SPANOVA, or within- and between-groups ANOVA). The Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was used when data were not normally distributed. Results:  The SPANOVA and Wilks Lambda Multivariate test confirmed that the wire type had no influence on the rate of change in alignment (P  =  .98). Conclusion:  The three forms of NiTi wires were similar in terms of their alignment efficiency during the initial aligning stage of orthodontic fixed appliance therapy.

scholarly journals Fifty Shades of Gray: Satisfaction with Life Among Jewish Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union to Israel

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 92-96
Author(s):  
E. Tartakovsky
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Geographically Dispersed ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Jewish Immigrants ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Mixed Blessing ◽  
Two Populations

In the present study, we tested the morbidity and salutary hypotheses of immigration investigating satisfaction with life (SWL) among Jewish immigrants from the Former Soviet Union to Israel. The study was conducted using a random representative sample of first-generation immigrants from the Former Soviet Union to Israel (N = 400) and a large geographically dispersed sample of Jews staying in Russia (N = 935). We applied three measures of SWL: general satisfaction with life (GSWL), multifaceted satisfaction with life (MSWL), and relative satisfaction with life (RSWL). The results demonstrated that immigrants were higher than stayers in GSWL. At the same time, the difference between the two populations was not significant in the average scores of MSWL. When comparing the two populations in ten domains of MSWL, immigrants reported higher satisfaction only in medical care. Stayers reported higher satisfaction in four domains: work, family relationships, relationships with friends, and entertainment and leisure. Immigrants assessed their standard of life as higher compared to the premigration period and to that presently existing in their country of origin. However, they assessed their standard of life as lower compared to the non-immigrant Israelis. Thus, immigration was a mixed blessing for the studied group of immigrants, salutary in some aspects and onerous in others.

THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. XV. NATURE OF DEVELOPMENTAL HOMEOSTASIS FOR VIABILITY

Genetics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-300
Author(s):  
Terumi Mukai ◽  
Sadao I Chigusa ◽  
Shin-Ichi Kusakabe
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Sampling Variance ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Developmental Homeostasis ◽  
Relative Viability ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
New Mutations

ABSTRACT Developmental homeostasis of relative viability was examined for homozygotes and heterozygotes using second chromosomes from two populations of Drosophila melanogaster. One was a chromosome population in which spontaneous mutations were allowed to accumulate since it was begun with a single near-normal second chromosome. The second was a natural population approximately at equilibrium. For the estimation of relative viability, the Cy method was employed (Wallace 1956), and environmental variance between simultaneously replicated cultures was used as the index of developmental homeostasis. A new method was used in the estimation of sampling variance for relative viability that was employed for the calculation of environmental variance (error variance between simultaneously replicated cultures — sampling variance). The following findings were obtained.: (1) The difference in environmental variance between homozygotes and heterozygotes could not be seen when a chromosome population with variation due to new mutations was tested. (2) When a chromosome group isolated from an approximate equilibrium population was examined, heterozygotes manifested a smaller environmental variance than the homozygotes if their relative viabilities were approximately the same. (3) There was a slight negative correlation between viability and environmental variance, although opposite results were found when the viabilities of individuals were high, especially when overdominance (coupling overdominance, Mukai 1969 a, b) was manifest. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that developmental homeostasis was a product of natural selection, and its mechanism was discussed.

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