A New Process for Manufacturing and Stabilizing High-Performance EOR Surfactants at Low Cost for High-Temperature, High-Salinity Oil Reservoirs

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Adkins ◽  
Pathma Jith Liyanage ◽  
Gayani W.P. Pinnawala Arachchilage ◽  
Thilini Mudiyanselage ◽  
Upali Weerasooriya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oil Reservoirs ◽  
New Process

Water-Flooding Fluid Diversion Copolymeric Microsphere Prepared by Inverse Suspension Polymerization

e-Polymers ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huang Zhiyu ◽  
Lu Hongsheng ◽  
Zhang Tailiang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Suspension Polymerization ◽  
Oil Reservoirs ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Toughness Index ◽  
Inverse Suspension Polymerization ◽  
Enhance Oil Recovery

Abstract In order to enhance oil recovery in high-temperature and high-salinity oil reservoirs, the copolymeric microspheres containing acrylamide (AM), acrylonitrile (AN) and AMPS was synthesized by inverse suspension polymerization. The copolymeric microsphere was very uniform and the size could be changed according to the condition of polymerization. The lab-scale studies showed that the copolymeric microsphere exhibit good salt-tolerance and thermal-stability when immersed in 20×105 mg/L NaCl(or KCl) solution, 7500 mg/L CaCl2 (or MgCl2) solution or 2000 mg/L FeCl3 solution, respectively. The copolymeric microsphere showed satisfactory absorbency rates. The sand-pipes experiments confirmed that the average toughness index was 1.059. It could enhance the oil recovery by about 3% compared with the corresponding irregular copolymeric particle.

Effect of Different Iron Sources on In-Situ Growth of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks-8: For Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 5319-5328
Author(s):  
Sha-Sha Luo ◽  
Yu-Meng Ma ◽  
Peng-Wei Li ◽  
Ming-Hua Tian ◽  
Qiao-Xia Li
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Reduction ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks ◽  
Wide Range

Transition metal and nitrogen co-doped carbon-based catalysts (TM-N-C) have become the most promising catalysts for Pt/C due to their wide range of sources, low cost, high catalytic activity, excellent stability and strong resistance to poisoning, especially Fe–N–C metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are some of the most promising precursors for the preparation of Fe–N–C catalysts due to their inherent properties, such as their highly ordered three-dimensional framework structure, controlled porosity, and tuneable chemistry. Based on these, in this paper, different iron sources were added to synthesis a sort of zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIF-8). Then the imidazole salt in ZIF-8 was rearranged into high N-doped carbon by high-temperature pyrolysis to prepare the Fe–N–C catalyst. We studied the physical characteristics of the catalysts by different iron sources and their effects on the catalytic properties of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). From the point of morphology, various iron sources have a positive influence on maintaining the morphology of ZIF-8 polyhedron. Fe–N/C–Fe(NO3)3 has the same anion as zinc nitrate, and can maintain a polyhedral morphology after high-temperature calcination. It had the highest ORR catalytic activity compared to the other four catalyst materials, which proved that there is a certain relationship between morphology and performance. This paper will provide a useful reference and new models for the development of high-performance ORR catalysts without precious metals.

Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer Chemical Flooding Without the Need for Soft Water

SPE Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 184-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam K. Flaaten ◽  
Quoc P Nguyen ◽  
Jieyuan Zhang ◽  
Hourshad Mohammadi ◽  
Gary A. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Chemical Flooding ◽  
Asp Flooding ◽  
Alkaline Surfactant Polymer

Summary Alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding using conventional alkali requires soft water. However, soft water is not always available, and softening hard brines may be very costly or infeasible in many cases depending on the location, the brine composition, and other factors. For instance, conventional ASP uses sodium carbonate to reduce the adsorption of the surfactant and generate soap in-situ by reacting with acidic crude oils; however, calcium carbonate precipitates unless the brine is soft. A form of borax known as metaborate has been found to sequester divalent cations such as Ca++ and prevent precipitation. This approach has been combined with the screening and selection of surfactant formulations that will perform well with brines having high salinity and hardness. We demonstrate this approach by combining high-performance, low-cost surfactants with cosurfactants that tolerate high salinity and hardness and with metaborate that can tolerate hardness as well. Chemical formulations containing surfactants and alkali in hard brine were screened for performance and tolerance using microemulsion phase-behavior experiments and crude at reservoir temperature. A formulation was found that, with an optimum salinity of 120,000 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS), 6,600 ppm divalent cations, performed well in corefloods with high oil recovery and almost zero final chemical flood residual oil saturation. Additionally, chemical formulations containing sodium metaborate and hard brine gave nearly 100% oil recovery with no indication of precipitate formation. Metaborate chemistry was incorporated into a mechanistic, compositional chemical flooding simulator, and the simulator was then used to model the corefloods. Overall, novel ASP with metaborate performed comparably to conventional ASP using sodium carbonate in soft water, demonstrating advancements in ASP adaptation to hard, saline reservoirs without the need for soft brine, which increases the number of oil reservoirs that are candidates for enhanced oil recovery using ASP flooding.

scholarly journals Advances in Low Cost Silver-Containing Thick Film Conductors

1981 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry E. Taylor ◽  
John J. Felten ◽  
Samuel J. Horowitz ◽  
John R. Larry ◽  
Richard M. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Thick Film ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Film Material ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Thick Film Technology

Extensive use of thick film materials to manufacture resistor networks and hybrid integrated circuits has come about because of economic, processing and functional advantages over other technologies in the high volume production of miniaturized circuits. Inherent in the adoption of thick film technology for increasingly diverse applications has been the ability of thick film material suppliers to provide progressive performance improvements at lower cost concurrent with circuit manufacturer's needs. Since the first major commercial thick film adoption in the early sixties, when IBM adopted platinum gold conductors and palladium silver resistors in their 360 computers, rapid technological advances over the last decade have produced an increasing variety of hybrid circuits and networks. The wide adoption of thick film technology in all segments of the electronic industry has placed increasing demands on performance and processing latitude. This paper outlines the development of low cost silver-bearing conductors and describes the evolution of technology improvements to present day systems. The initial segment reviews the deficiencies of early Pd/Ag conductors, particularly solder leach resistance and degradation of soldered adhesion following high temperature storage, and focuses on the first Pd/Ag system which overcame these problems. Extension of this technology and subsequent improvements in both binders and vehicles to fulfill adhesion requirements to Al2O3substrates of varying chemistries and to meet demands for high speed printing are also described. The second segment gives an overview of the present understanding of thick film conductor composites from a mechanistic point of view. The various types of binder systems commonly employed in conductors are discussed in terms of how they effect a bond between the sintered metal and the substrate, and the advantages and disadvantages of each type. Metallurgical aspects of conductor/solder connections are considered and their effects on bond reliability following exposure to high temperature discussed. Rheological considerations of paste design are presented and related to printing performance. The final segment focuses on newer low cost, high performance material systems that have evolved over the past two years. The technologies of each system are reviewed in terms of metallurgy, binder and vehicle. Important functional properties are presented to illustrate cost/performance tradeoffs. Special emphasis is given to recently developed high Ag containing conductors which have outstanding soldered adhesion even after 1000 hours of storage at 150℃.

A Novel Polymer-Phenolic Prepolymer Based Blocking System for High-Temperature and High-Salinity Oil Reservoirs

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 534-539
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Fenfen Du ◽  
Hongwei Fan ◽  
Xiaoxiang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Oil Reservoirs

Metalorganic Deposition of YBCO Films for Second-Generation High-Temperature Superconductor Wires

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 572-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin W. Rupich ◽  
Darren T. Verebelyi ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Thomas Kodenkandath ◽  
Xiaoping Li
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Temperature Superconductor ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Ybco Film ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Ybco Films ◽  
Metalorganic Deposition ◽  
Film Fabrication

AbstractMetalorganic deposition (MOD) is an attractive process for low-cost, high-rate deposition of YBa2Cu3O7– (YBCO) films on continuous lengths of biaxially textured metallic templates for second-generation (2G) high-temperature superconductor (HTS) wires.MOD of YBCO films involves four steps:precursor synthesis, coating, decomposition, and reaction.The final films must meet stringent requirements, including high critical current, uniformity across the width and along the length of the textured substrate, and excellent mechanical properties.Achieving these properties has required the development of a metalorganic precursor that produces an intermediate BaF2-based film, which in turn is converted to a high-quality YBCO film.Understanding and controlling the deposition of the metalorganic precursor and its conversion to YBCO are critical to reproducibly manufacturing uniform, high-performance, HTS wires required for commercial applications.This article reviews the issues that must be addressed in the use of MOD for low-cost YBCO film fabrication and summarizes the performance of 2G HTS wires prepared by this manufacturing process.

A High-Performance n-i-p SiCN Homojunction for Low-Cost and High-Temperature Ultraviolet Detecting Applications

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng-Renn Juang ◽  
Yean-Kuen Fang ◽  
Yen-Ting Chiang ◽  
Tse-Heng Chou ◽  
Cheng-I. Lin
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost
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