Evaluation of Cement-Casing & Cement-Rock Bond Integrity During Well Operations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelfattah Lamik ◽  
Gerhard Pittino ◽  
Michael Prohaska-Marchried ◽  
Ravi Krishna ◽  
Gerhard Thonhauser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steam Injection ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Axial Loads ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Rock System ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Geothermal Wells ◽  
Stress Ratios

Abstract This paper presents the results of laboratory static and dynamic tests on casing-cement-rock systems exposed to axial loads under ambient conditions. A new testing method has been developed. The casing-cement-rock system mostly fails due to tension and shear stresses. In various applications such as HPHT, deep-water, (steam) injection or geothermal wells, the cement-casing bond is exposed to cyclic thermomechanical loads resulting in casing elongation, contraction, expansion and subsequently in cyclic radial and axial stresses at the cement-casing-rock system. Cement is a brittle material which can fail when subjected to repeated application of stresses lesser in magnitude than the statically determined strength. A novel atmospheric test cell has been designed and constructed. In order to achieve the fatigue limits of the cement-casing bond, a set of testing procedures has been established. Several tests are conducted to evaluate de-bonding. The focus on de-bonding is achieved by allowing the casing to move through the test while preventing any cement movement. Thus, when a force is applied in the axial z-direction - either the casing is pulled out (tension) or pushed down (compression) - the casing has enough space to move in both directions. The advantage of this testing method is that different stress ratios can be applied during the test.

scholarly journals An Economical Evaluation of the Water/Steam Injection in a CHP Microturbine Cycle

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Loujendi ◽  
◽  
K. A. Sani ◽  
A. A. Tofigh ◽  
A. Majidian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steam Injection ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Economical Evaluation

scholarly journals Seed viability of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is affected by seed origin and age, but also by testing method and laboratory

NeoBiota ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 193-221
Author(s):  
Rea Maria Hall ◽  
Bernhard Urban ◽  
Hana Skalova ◽  
Lenka Moravcová ◽  
Ulrike Sölter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Viability ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Viability Test ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Seed Origin ◽  
Set Up

Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an annual Asteraceae species native to North America which is highly invasive across Europe and has harmful impacts, especially on human health and agriculture. Besides its wide ecological range, particularly its high reproductive power by seeds is promoting its spread to various habitats and regions. To prevent further spread and to control the plant, the European Commission funded projects and COST-Actions involving scientists from all over Europe. A joint trial was set up comprising eight different laboratories from Europe to study seed viability variation in different seed samples. Three different testing methods (viability test with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), a germination test combined with a subsequent TTC test and a crush test) were tested within the EU-COST-Action SMARTER network to four different seed origins. The viability test results from different laboratories were compared for variation amongst tests and laboratories. The main aim was to optimise the reliability of testing procedures, but results revealed not only significant effects of seed origin and seed age on seed viability, but also considerable differences between the output of the individual testing methods and furthermore between laboratories. Due to these significant differences in the results of the testing labs, additionally a second test was set up. Twelve Austrian ragweed populations were used for TTC testing to obtain a precise adjustment of the testing method as well as a tight guideline for interpreting the results, particularly for the TTC state “intermediate” since a proper classification of TTC-intermediate coloured seeds is still a challenge when determining viability rates.

The Effects of Periodic High Loads on Fretting Fatigue

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kantimathi ◽  
J. A. Alic
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Fretting Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Constant Amplitude ◽  
Axial Loads ◽  
Prolonged Fatigue ◽  
Stress Ratios ◽  
Crack Growth Retardation

Fretting fatigue tests have been conducted on 7075-T7351 aluminum alloy coupons with fretting pads of the same material. Three different stress ratios were used, the otherwise constant amplitude axial loads being interrupted every 1000 cycles by either tensile overloads to 400 MPa or compressive underloads to −200 MPa. Tensile overloads greatly prolonged fatigue life for low stresses where the overload ratios were 1.6 and above; compressive underloads had comparatively little effect. The results are discussed in terms of crack growth retardation phenomena.

scholarly journals Investigation of thermal model effects on geothermal and oil reservoir well testing behavior during water and steam injection

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Mahdi Abbasi ◽  
Mohammad Ahmadi ◽  
Alireza Kazemi ◽  
Mohammad Sharifi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Diffusivity Coefficient ◽  
Reservoir Model ◽  
Type Curve ◽  
Water Steam

Global warming and reducing fossil fuel resources have increased the interest in using renewable resources such as geothermal energy. In this paper, in the first step, heat transfer equations have been presented for reservoir during water (steam) injection by considering heat loss to adjacent formations. According to radius of thermal front, the reservoir is partitioned into two regions with different fluid physical properties. The heat transfer model is coupled with a fluid flow model which is used to calculate the reservoir pressure or fluid flow rates. Then by calculating outer radius of heated region and using radial composite reservoir model, the fluid flow equations in porous media are solved. Using pressure derivative plot in regions with different thermal conductivity coefficients, a type curve plot is presented. The reservoir and adjacent formation thermal conductivity coefficients can be calculated by matching the observed pressure data on the thermal composite type curve. Additionally, the interference test in composite geothermal reservoir is discussed. In the composite reservoir model, parameters such as diffusivity coefficient, conductivity ratio and the distance to the radial discontinuity are considered. New type curves are provided to introduce the effect of diffusivity/conductivity contrast ratios on temperature behavior. Improving interpretations, and performing fast computations and fast sensitivity analysis are the benefits of the presented solutions.

Axial distortion of airways in the lung

1983 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Kallok ◽  
S. J. Lai-Fook ◽  
M. A. Hajji ◽  
T. A. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Tube ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Coupling Mechanism ◽  
Airway Wall ◽  
Axial Loads ◽  
Elastic Continuum ◽  
Airway Lumen ◽  
Axial Forces ◽  
Mathematical Analyses ◽  
The Continuum

Axial loads were applied around the circumference of an airway lumen by pulling on a cup-shaped anchor that embedded itself in the airway wall. Axial displacements were measured as a function of distance from the load, and the data were compared to the results of mathematical analyses of continuum mechanics models. In the modeling it was assumed that the elastic tube representing the airway is bonded to the surrounding elastic continuum representing the parenchyma and that axial forces are transmitted between the tube and the continuum by shear stresses at the interface. The agreement between the measured and computed axial displacements supports the hypothesis that the shear stresses are the dominant coupling mechanism. The following quantitative relations between force and displacement were obtained. The axial displacement produced by the load L was approximately 0.05 L/pi alpha mu, where alpha is the airway radius and mu is the shear modulus of the parenchyma. The displacement decayed to approximately one-half this maximal value at two diameters from the load.

Critical bed shear for initial movement of sediments on a combined lateral and longitudinal slope

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhasish Dey
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Side Wall ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Bed Shear Stress ◽  
Conduit Flow ◽  
Sloping Bed ◽  
Stress Ratios ◽  
Closed Conduit ◽  
Initial Movement

An experimental study on critical bed shear-stress for initial movement of non-cohesive sediment particles under a steady-uniform stream flow on a combined lateral (across the flow direction) and longitudinal (streamwise direction) sloping bed is presented. The aim of this paper is to ascertain that the critical bed shear-stress on a combined lateral and longitudinal sloping bed is adequately represented by the product of critical bed shear-stress ratios for lateral and longitudinal sloping beds. Experiments were carried out with closed-conduit flow, in two ducts having a semicircular invert section, with three sizes of sediments. In laboratory flumes, the uniform flow is a difficult – if not impossible – proposition for a steeply sloping channel, and is impossible to obtain in an adversely sloping channel. To avoid this problem, the experiments were conducted with a closed-conduit flow. The critical bed shear-stresses for experimental runs were estimated from side-wall correction. The experimental data agree satisfactorily with the results obtained from the proposed formula.

Influence of Roughness of Inner Surface of Simple Mechanical Testing Method to Evaluate Influence of High Pressure Hydrogen Gas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshio Ogata ◽  
Yoshinori Ono
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Reduction Of Area ◽  
Pressure Hydrogen

Abstract In order to standardize the simple testing method to evaluate mechanical properties using hollow-type specimen in the high pressure hydrogen gas, influences of the hole and inner surface roughness on the relative reduction of area (RRA) and other properties in slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests were investigated on different surface finished specimens at 105 MPa hydrogen gas for SUS316L and JIS SNCM439 steels. There is no influence of the hole and the inner pressure for the yield strength and the tensile strength. The RRA slightly increased in less roughness specimens. So, the axially polished finish for the hollow specimen will be proposed to the standard testing procedures of the SSRT test with this method to evaluate mechanical properties in the high pressure hydrogen gas.

Water/Steam Injection for NOx Reduction in Process Burners

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Londerville ◽  
Kevin Anderson ◽  
Charles Baukal ◽  
Wes Bussman
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Flame Instability ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unburned Hydrocarbons ◽  
Thermal Nox ◽  
Flame Chemistry

Liquid water or steam injection is a technique that has been used for years to reduce NOx primarily by reducing the flame temperature which reduces thermal NOx. There is also evidence to suggest it reduces NOx by modifying the flame chemistry. While it is well proven for reducing NOx, there are some potential disadvantages including reduced thermal efficiency, flame instability, and increased emissions of other pollutants such as CO and unburned hydrocarbons. Water/steam injection has been used in a wide range of applications, particularly in boilers and gas turbines. Much less information is available on using this technique in process heaters which have some key differences compared to most combustors which include a highly varying fuel composition and natural draft to provide the combustion air. This paper will consider how water or steam may be injected into process burners including some predictive methods for determining NOx.

Technology Update on Gas Turbine Dual Fuel, Dry Low Emission Combustion Systems

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter Egil Ro̸kke ◽  
Johan E. Hustad ◽  
Nils A. Ro̸kke ◽  
Ole Birger Svendsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Marine Propulsion ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Combustion Systems

A challenging issue in the gas turbine industry is to develop a practical dual fuel (DF), dry low emission (DLE) combustion system. Especially for the onshore-based power generation systems, and liquid DLE for aeroderivative engines used for marine propulsion. A novel mid-size (3MW) gas turbine is being developed mainly targeted for marine propulsion, where a dual fuel DLE combustion system aiming at single digit NOx emission figures has been explored. As a part of this development, the present technology available from different gas turbine manufacturers has been surveyed. Status of the different techniques applied in dual fuel DLE combustors today and their achievements are presented, including the available information on fuel injectors, cooling schemes, combustion air distribution, noise control and combustor performance. The techniques utilized and explained are such as flame temperature control (water/steam injection), staged combustion, lean premixing and lean prevaporized premixing, rich-quench-lean-burning (RQLB) and catalytic combustion. These are also documented for the different concepts commercially available, describing both advantages and drawbacks. Conclusions are made towards the dominating trends for the different parameters mentioned above, and how they affect the final combustor design. A survey of the dominating parameters for low emission combustion systems is presented.

A Unique Insulation System for Steam Injection Enhanced Recovery and Geothermal Wells

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor R.R. Brown ◽  
Alan A. Lorenz ◽  
William M. Prevost
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Recovery ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Insulation System ◽  
Geothermal Wells
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