Progressing Cavity Pump Stainless Steel Impact in High Corrosive Environments Maximizing Economic Benefits in West Africa - Gabon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozhan Yucel ◽  
Brenda Levy ◽  
Gustavo Andres Ariza Gonzalez ◽  
Wayne Pilgrim ◽  
Tim Wayne Soltys
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Pump Design ◽  
Steel Technology ◽  
Artificial Lift ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract The combination of well conditions such as high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2, an average of 15%), 85% water cuts (WC), sand production, and heavy viscous oil is one of the biggest challenges for any artificial lift system (ALS). Progressing cavity pumping (PCP) is the preferred method for sand and heavy oil production; however, CO2 presence in the form of carbonic acid, generates corrosion and pitting on the carbon-steel section of the Progressing Cavity stators. This condition results in short run life for PC pumps with standard materials historically installed. Taking advantage of the corrosion strength properties that Stainless Steel (SS) material has, a new SS PC pumps were manufactured to be installed in highly corrosive application and then determine the increase on run life for those wells previously affected by corrosion. This paper describes a section of the results from the flow assurance improvement plan obtained by the installation of PC pumps with SS technology in terms of workover (WO) intervention savings and extended run life in nine wells operating in Gabon, West Africa. This paper describes the methodology applied in the selection of the PCP models to be manufactured with Stainless Steel technology considering the dimensional restrictions the PCP would have due the casing size of the well completions where the PC pump would be installed, as well as the pump design requirements related to the expected flow rate in the wells historically affected by corrosion. In addition, the paper shows the screening done on the well candidates for the installation of SS PCP, based on historical well intervention data specifically associated to corrosion. Since the installation of the SS PCP technology, the client has performed several acid stimulations that have required pulling the PC pumps out of hole and re-running them multiple times. Throughout these operations, the PCPs have had no failures requiring intervention. The installation of SS technology has improved well run life across all nine candidates by 584% on average. The SS PCP technology continue to run in all nine wells with no corrosion-associated interventions. For an average of 326 days across all nine wells, there have been no WOs performed on the PCPs. The reduction in WOs has helped to avoid production losses, downtime, and associated costs. SS PCP has shown great results extending PC pump run life over 6 times compared to previous applications and has proven to be a good option for larger flow rates in 5.5 in casing completions.

Reducing the Impact of Unemployment through Work-Sharing: Some Industrial Relations Considerations

1983 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah M. Meltz ◽  
Frank Reid
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
National Level ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Work Sharing ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Impact

The Canadian Government has introduced a work-sharing program in which lay offs are avoided by reducing the work week and using unemployment insurance funds to pay workers short-time compensation. Compared to the lay-off alternative, there appear to be economic benefits to work-sharing for both management and employees. Reaction to the scheme has been generally positive at the union local level and the firm level, but it has been negative at the national level of both labour and management. These divergent views can be explained mainly as a result of short-run versus long-run perspectives. Managers at the firm level see the immediate benefit of improved labour relations and the avoidance of the costs of hiring and training replacements for laid-off workers who do not respond when recalled. The national business leaders are more concerned with work incentive and efficiency aspects of work-sharing.

Experimental and Modeling Study of Salt Precipitation During Injection of CO2 Contaminated With H2S Into Depleted Gas Fields in the Northeast of the Netherlands

SPE Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (06) ◽  
pp. 1058-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.. Bolourinejad ◽  
R.. Herber
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Mineral Dissolution ◽  
Co2 Injection ◽  
Salt Precipitation ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Core Samples ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Gas Fields

Summary Depleted gas fields are among the most probable candidates for subsurface storage of carbon dioxide (CO2). With proven reservoir and qualified seal, these fields have retained gas over geological time scales. However, unlike methane, injection of CO2 changes the pH of the brine because of the formation of carbonic acid. Subsequent dissolution/precipitation of minerals changes the porosity/permeability of reservoir and caprock. Thus, for adequate, safe, and effective CO2 storage, the subsurface system needs to be fully understood. An important aspect for subsurface storage of CO2 is purity of this gas, which influences risk and cost of the process. To investigate the effects of CO2 plus impurities in a real case example, we have carried out medium-term (30-day) laboratory experiments (300 bar, 100°C) on reservoir and caprock core samples from gas fields in the northeast of the Netherlands. In addition, we attempted to determine the maximum allowable concentration of one of the possible impurities in the CO2 stream [hydrogen sulfide (H2S)] in these fields. The injected gases—CO2, CO2+100 ppm H2S, and CO2+5,000 ppm H2S—were reacting with core samples and brine (81 g/L Na+, 173 g/L Cl−, 22 g/L Ca2+, 23 g/L Mg2+, 1.5 g/L K+, and 0.2 g/L SO42−). Before and after the experiments, the core samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for mineralogical variations. The permeability of the samples was also measured. After the experiments, dissolution of feldspars, carbonates, and kaolinite was observed as expected. In addition, we observed fresh precipitation of kaolinite. However, two significant results were obtained when adding H2S to the CO2 stream. First, we observed precipitation of sulfate minerals (anhydrite and pyrite). This differs from results after pure CO2 injection, where dissolution of anhydrite was dominant in the samples. Second, severe salt precipitation took place in the presence of H2S. This is mainly caused by the nucleation of anhydrite and pyrite, which enabled halite precipitation, and to a lesser degree by the higher solubility of H2S in water and higher water content of the gas phase in the presence of H2S. This was confirmed by the use of CMG-GEM (CMG 2011) modeling software. The precipitation of halite, anhydrite, and pyrite affects the permeability of the samples in different ways. After pure CO2 and CO2+100 ppm H2S injection, permeability of the reservoir samples increased by 10–30% and ≤3%, respectively. In caprock samples, permeability increased by a factor of 3–10 and 1.3, respectively. However, after addition of 5,000 ppm H2S, the permeability of all samples decreased significantly. In the case of CO2+100 ppm H2S, halite, anhydrite, and pyrite precipitation did balance mineral dissolution, causing minimal variation in the permeability of samples.

Strength properties of ultrasonic-assisted laser welded stainless steel 321

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Kalashnikov ◽  
L. L. Zhukov ◽  
T. A. Kalashnikova ◽  
A. V. Dmitriev
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted

scholarly journals Comparison of Vacuum Sintered and Selective Laser Melted Steel AISI 316L

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 2125-2131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Brytan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Selective Laser Melting ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Laser Melting ◽  
Charpy Test ◽  
Steel Type ◽  
Type 316L ◽  
Static Tensile

AbstractThe paper presents the results of the basic mechanical properties determined in the static tensile test, impact un-notched Charpy test and hardness of austenitic stainless steel type 316L produced by two techniques: classical pressing and sintering in a vacuum with rapid cooling and selective laser melting (SLM). In this work fracture surface of Charpy test, samples were studied.The results indicate that application of selective laser melting (SLM) makes it possible to double increase the strength properties of components manufactured from austenitic stainless steel type 316L compared to sintering in a vacuum. Resulted in mechanical properties strongly depend on porosity characteristic and the presence of superficial oxides in the case of sintered steel and the character of observed microstructural defects deriving from non-fully melted powder particles and the formation of voids between subsequently melted pool tracks during the SLM.

scholarly journals Graphite Laminated Materials Strength Properties and Energy Characteristics of Polymer Binders

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
I.M. Karzov ◽  
Yu.G. Bogdanova ◽  
S.V. Filimonov ◽  
O.N. Shornikova ◽  
A.P. Malakho
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Sheet Material ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Work Of Adhesion ◽  
Silicone Resin ◽  
Energy Characteristics ◽  
Polymer Binders ◽  
Laminated Materials

The approach for graphite laminated materials strength properties prediction using contact angle measurements was proposed. The tensile strength of laminated materials made of graphite foil and stainless steel with acrylic and silicone adhesives was measured. It was shown that tensile strength depends on energy characteristics of polymer binders, which can be determined by simple and express wetting method. It was found that the highest values of tensile strength, strength of adhesion and the work adhesion to graphite and stainless steel were provided by acrylic adhesive MBM-5C. The delamination occurred when graphite and stainless steel sheets were connected with low surface energy silicone resin, γ = 23 mJ/m2,<br />what was not able to maintain sufficient adhesion level to the both types of attached surfaces: polar steel and non-polar graphite. It was demonstrated that the calculation of the work of adhesion to polar and non-polar model liquids (water and octane respectively) can be applied to optimize the choice of polymer binder and design of laminated materials. It’s quite important that the proposed technique doesn’t require to determine free surface energy for each type of sheet material which is especially difficult and complex task if laminate consists of several different layers.

scholarly journals New technology for developing a lightweight refiner plate for hardwood kraft pulp fibers

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 9128-9142
Author(s):  
Byeong-Geol Min ◽  
Ji-Young Lee ◽  
Chul-Hwan Kim ◽  
See-Han Park ◽  
Min-Seok Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Pulp Fibers ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Novel Technology ◽  
Draft Angle ◽  
Reducing Energy

Sand casting makes it difficult to manufacture a fine bar plate for low intensity refining. This study introduced a novel technology for manufacturing lightweight fine bar plates and compared the effects to traditional bar plates. The lightweight fine bar plate base was manufactured using a lightweight aluminum alloy and stainless-steel. Because the bars were inserted into the plate vertically without the draft angle, the stock throughput was improved by approximately 27% compared to the sand-casted bar plates. Additionally, the lightweight fine bar plate maximized internal and external fibrillation while minimizing fiber length loss. In conclusion, the lightweight fine bar plate was shown to be more effective in improving the strength properties of paper and reducing energy consumption.

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