scholarly journals Characterization of gut microbial community of rhesus macaques under the high-altitude extreme environments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhan Wu ◽  
Yongfang Yao ◽  
Mengmeng Dong ◽  
Tianrui Xia ◽  
Diyan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
Gut Microbial Community

Abstract Background: The mammal intestinal microbita involved in various physiological processes in host and play a key role in host environment adaption. However, for non-human primate(NHP), little is known about their gut microbial community in high-altitude extreme environment and much less to their adaption to high-altitude environment. In this study, we want to characterize gut microbial community of rhesus macaques from multiple high-altitude environment and by comparing it to low-altitude control group to reveal the differences between altitudes. Results: we collected the fecal samples of rhesus macaques from four high-altitude populations (above 3000m) and one low-altitude population (below 100m). We first analyzed the overlap of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) between populations and found 27.8% of OTUs (core OTUs) were shared by all five population.The majority of these OTUs have a higher abundance, whereas the unique OTUs have a lower abundance. By calculating alpha diversity index, we found high-altitude populations exhibited higher diversity. Statistical analysis of beta diversity indicated there were significant difference between high and low altitude population. Significant difference in composition were detected at phylum and family. At phylum level, high-altitude gut microbial community were dominanted by Firmicutes(63.7%), but low-altitude were dominated by Bacteroidetes(52.2%). At family level, high-alititude population were dominanted by Ruminococcaceae(36.4%), but low-altitude were dominated by Prevotellaceae(43.9%). Additionally, the abundance of Christensenellaceae are significantly higher in all high-altitude populations(3.33%) than low-altitude population(0.77%), despite a low abundance in two altitudes. Finally, function prediction indicated there was a significant difference in gene copy number of 29 level-2 pathway between high and low altitude population; and 26 of them are higher in high-altitude, especially in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism. Conclusions: We found the gut microbial community of high-altitude rhesus macaques is significantly distinct from low-altitude population in diversity, composition and function. High-altitude populations were dominanted by Firmicutes and Ruminococcace, but low-altitude population by Bacteroidetes and Prevotellaceae. The difference in gut microbiota between two altitude macaque populations may be caused by different host diet, environmental temperature and oxygen pressure, and gut microbial microorganisms may play an critical role in adaptive evolution of rhesus macaques to high-altitude environment.

scholarly journals Characterisation of the gut microbial community of rhesus macaques in high-altitude environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhan Wu ◽  
Yongfang Yao ◽  
Mengmeng Dong ◽  
Tianrui Xia ◽  
Diyan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
Gut Microbial Community

Abstract Background: The mammal intestinal microbiota is involved in various physiological processes and plays a key role in host environment adaption. However, for non-human primates (NHPs), little is known about their gut microbial community in high-altitude environments and even less about their adaption to such habitats. We characterised the gut microbial community of rhesus macaques from multiple high-altitude environments and compared it to those of low-altitude populations. Results: We collected faecal samples of rhesus macaques from four high-altitude populations (above 3,000 m) and three low-altitude populations (below 500 m). By calculating the alpha diversity index, we found that high-altitude populations exhibited a higher diversity. Statistical analysis of beta diversity indicated significant differences between high- and low-altitude populations. Significant differences were also detected at the phylum and family levels. At the phylum level, the high-altitude gut microbial community was dominated by Firmicutes (63.42%), while at low altitudes, it was dominated by Bacteroidetes (47.4%). At the family level, the high-altitude population was dominated by Ruminococcaceae (36.2%), while the low-altitude one was dominated by Prevotellaceae (39.6%). Some families, such as Christensenellaceae, were consistently higher abundant in all high-altitude populations. We analysed the overlap of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in high-altitude populations and determined their core OTUs (shared by all four high-altitude populations). However, when compared with the low-altitude core OTUs, only 65% were shared, suggesting a divergence in core OTUs. Function prediction indicated a significant difference in gene copy number of 35 level-2 pathways between high- and low-altitude populations; 29 of them were higher in high altitudes, especially in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism. Conclusions: The gut microbial community of high-altitude rhesus macaques was significantly distinct from that of low-altitude populations in terms of diversity, composition and function. High-altitude populations were dominated by Firmicutes and Ruminococcace, while in low-altitude populations, Bacteroidetes and Prevotellaceae were dominant. The difference in gut microbiota between these two populations may be caused by differences in host diet, environmental temperature and oxygen pressure. These gut microbial microorganisms may play a critical role in the adaptive evolution of rhesus macaques to high-altitude environments.

scholarly journals Characterisation of the gut microbial community of rhesus macaques in high-altitude environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhan Wu ◽  
Yongfang Yao ◽  
Mengmeng Dong ◽  
Tianrui Xia ◽  
Diyan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
Gut Microbial Community

Abstract Background: The mammal intestinal microbiota is involved in various physiological processes and plays a key role in host environment adaption. However, for non-human primates (NHPs), little is known about their gut microbial community in high-altitude environments and even less about their adaption to such habitats. We characterised the gut microbial community of rhesus macaques from multiple high-altitude environments and compared it to those of low-altitude populations. Results: We collected faecal samples of rhesus macaques from four high-altitude populations (above 3,000 m) and three low-altitude populations (below 500 m). By calculating the alpha diversity index, we found that high-altitude populations exhibited a higher diversity. Statistical analysis of beta diversity indicated significant differences between high- and low-altitude populations. Significant differences were also detected at the phylum and family levels. At the phylum level, the high-altitude gut microbial community was dominated by Firmicutes (63.42%), while at low altitudes, it was dominated by Bacteroidetes (47.4%). At the family level, the high-altitude population was dominated by Ruminococcaceae (36.2%), while the low-altitude one was dominated by Prevotellaceae (39.6%). Some families, such as Christensenellaceae and Rikenellaceae, were consistently higher abundant in all high-altitude populations. We analysed the overlap of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in high-altitude populations and determined their core OTUs (shared by all four high-altitude populations). However, when compared with the low-altitude core OTUs, only 65% were shared, suggesting a divergence in core OTUs. Function prediction indicated a significant difference in gene copy number of 35 level-2 pathways between high- and low-altitude populations; 29 of them were higher in high altitudes, especially in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism. Conclusions: The gut microbial community of high-altitude rhesus macaques was significantly distinct from that of low-altitude populations in terms of diversity, composition and function. High-altitude populations were dominated by Firmicutes and Ruminococcace, while in low-altitude populations, Bacteroidetes and Prevotellaceae were dominant. The difference in gut microbiota between these two populations may be caused by differences in host diet, environmental temperature and oxygen pressure. These differentiated gut microbial microorganisms may play a critical role in the adaptive evolution of rhesus macaques to high-altitude environments.

scholarly journals Characterisation of the gut microbial community of rhesus macaques in high-altitude environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhan Wu ◽  
Yongfang Yao ◽  
Mengmeng Dong ◽  
Tianrui Xia ◽  
Diyan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Gut Microbial Community

scholarly journals Down Feather Structure Varies Between Low- and High-Altitude Torrent Ducks (Merganetta Armata) in the Andes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca G. Cheek ◽  
Luis Alza ◽  
Kevin G. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
General Constraints ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
High Elevations ◽  
Two Populations

AbstractFeathers are one of the defining characteristics of birds and serve a critical role in thermal insulation and physical protection against the environment. Feather structure is known to vary among individuals, and it has been suggested that populations exposed to different environmental conditions may exhibit different patterns in feather structure. We examined both down and contour feathers from two populations of male Torrent Ducks (Merganetta armata) from Lima, Peru, including one high-altitude population from the Chancay-Huaral River at approximately 3500 meters (m) elevation and one low-altitude population from the Chillón River at approximately 1500 m. Down feather structure differed significantly between the two populations. Ducks from the high-altitude population had longer, denser down compared with low-altitude individuals. Contour feather structure varied greatly among individuals but showed no significant difference between populations. These results suggest that the innermost, insulative layer of plumage (the down), may have developed in response to lower ambient temperatures at high elevations. The lack of observable differences in the contour feathers may be due to the general constraints of the waterproofing capability of this outer plumage layer.ResumenEl plumaje es una característica que define a las aves y cumple roles críticos en el aislamiento térmico y protección física del ambiente. Se sabe que la estructura de las plumas varía ente individuos, y se ha sugerido que poblaciones expuestas a diferentes condiciones ambientales pueden exhibir diferentes patrones en la estructura de las plumas. En este estudio se examinaron tanto el plumón como las plumas de contorno de machos adultos del Pato de los Torrentes (Merganetta armata) de dos poblaciones, una en el río Chancay-Huaral a 3,500 msnm y otra en el río Chillón a 1,500 msnm, ubicadas en Lima, Perú. La estructura de los plumones difiere significativamente entre las dos poblaciones. Los patos de la población a grandes elevaciones tienen plumones largos, y densos comparados con los individuos de las partes bajas. La estructura de las plumas de contorno varía ampliamente entre individuos pero no muestra diferencias significativas entre poblaciones. Estos resultados sugieren que las diferencias entre las capas interiores de aislamiento del plumaje (plumón), haberse desarrollado como respuesta en ambientes de bajas temperaturas a grandes elevaciones. En cambio la falta de detectables diferencias en las plumas de contorno puede ser debido a la constante selección en la capacidad impermeable de la capa de plumas exteriores.

scholarly journals Murine hepatoma treatment with mature dendritic cells stimulated by Trichinella spiralis excretory/secretory products

Parasite ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Jing Ding ◽  
Xiaolei Liu ◽  
Bin Tang ◽  
Xue Bai ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Antitumor Effect ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Tumor Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tumor Inhibition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Secretory Products

Excretory/Secretory Products (ESPs) of the nematode Trichinella spiralis contain antitumor-active substances that inhibit tumor growth. Mature dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the antitumor immunity of the organism. As pathogen-derived products, it ought to be discussed whether T. spiralis ESPs will reduce the antitumor effect of mature DCs from the host before it is applied to patients’ tumors. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the immunological effect of DCs stimulated by T. spiralis ESPs in H22 tumor-bearing mice. H22 tumor model mice in this study were randomly divided into four groups according to the treatment: PBS control group, ESP group, DCs group, and DCs stimulated with T. spiralis ESP (ESP+DCs group). The antitumor effect was evaluated by tumor inhibition rate and cytokine detection using ELISA. The results showed significant inhibition in tumor growth in the ESP+DCs, DCs and ESP groups when compared with the PBS control group (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.05, respectively). However, no significant difference was observed on tumor inhibition rates between the ESP+DCs and DCs groups. The decrease in IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10, and the increase in IFN-γ between the DCs and ESP+DCs groups were also not significant. Therefore, DCs stimulated by ESP did not reduce the antitumor effect of mature DCs, which demonstrated that the T. spiralis ESP would not affect the antitumor effect of mature DCs by modulating the immune response of the host, and that ESPs are safe in antitumor immunology when applied in a tumor model mice.

scholarly journals Tropical tropospheric ozone derived using Clear-Cloudy Pairs (CCP) of TOMS measurements

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Newchurch ◽  
D. Sun ◽  
J. H. Kim ◽  
X. Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Retrieval Efficiency ◽  
Retrieval Errors ◽  
Low Altitude

Abstract. Using TOMS total-ozone measurements over high-altitude cloud locations and nearby paired clear locations, we describe the Clear-Cloudy Pairs (CCP) method for deriving tropical tropospheric ozone. The high-altitude clouds are identified by measured 380 nm reflectivities greater than 80% and Temperature Humidity InfraRed (THIR) measured cloud-top pressures less than 200 hPa. To account for locations without high-altitude clouds, we apply a zonal sine fitting to the stratospheric ozone derived from available cloudy points, resulting in a wave-one amplitude of about 4 DU. THIR data is unavailable after November 1984, so we extend the CCP method by using a reflectivity threshold of 90% to identify high-altitude clouds and remove the influence of high-reflectivity-but-low-altitude clouds with a lowpass frequency filter. We correct ozone retrieval errors associated with clouds, and ozone retrieval errors due to sun glint and aerosols. Comparing CCP results with Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes (SHADOZ) tropospheric ozone indicates that CCP tropospheric ozone and ozonesonde measurements are highly consistent. The most significant difference between CCP and ozonesonde tropospheric ozone can be explained by the low Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) retrieval efficiency of ozone in the lower troposphere.

scholarly journals Tropical tropospheric ozone derived using Clear-Cloudy Pairs (CCP) of TOMS measurements

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Newchurch ◽  
D. Sun ◽  
J. H. Kim ◽  
X. Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Retrieval Efficiency ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Retrieval Errors ◽  
Low Altitude

Abstract. Using TOMS total-ozone measurements over high-altitude cloud locations and nearby paired clear locations, we describe the Clear-Cloudy Pairs (CCP) method for deriving tropical tropospheric ozone. The high-altitude clouds are identified by measured 380 nm reflectivities greater than 80% and Temperature Humidity InfraRed (THIR) measured cloud-top pressures less than 200 hPa. To account for locations without high-altitude clouds, we apply a zonal sine fitting to the stratospheric ozone derived from available cloudy points, resulting in a wave-one amplitude of about 4 DU. THIR data is unavailable after November 1984, so we extend the CCP method by using a reflectivity threshold of 90% to identify high-altitude clouds and remove the influence of high-reflectivity-but-low-altitude clouds with a lowpass frequency filter. We correct ozone retrieval errors associated with clouds, and ozone retrieval errors due to sun glint and aerosols. Comparing CCP results with Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes (SHADOZ) tropospheric ozone indicates that CCP tropospheric ozone and ozonesonde measurements agree, on average, to within 3 ± 1 DU standard error of the mean. The most significant difference between CCP and ozonesonde tropospheric ozone can be explained by the low Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) version-7 retrieval efficiency of ozone in the lower troposphere.

scholarly journals The Effect of Proprioceptive Training on Core Muscles Strength and Single Leg Balancing Ability in Youth Soccer Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Miklós Kovács ◽  
József Márton Pucsok
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Core Stability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Kinetic Chain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Proprioceptive Training ◽  
Set Up

  Core stability and the ability to balance have both a critical role in today’s modern soccer. Majority of injuries originated from the weakness and inefficient strength of core musculature and the kinetic chain. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of a three month proprioceptive training programme on core stability and the ability to balance. We hypothesized that both of the skills might improve by the end of the 12-week exercise program. We set up a group involving 15 players, who regularly participated in a weekly 40 minutes special proprioceptive training routine. The control group hasn’t attended any additional strengthening workout session. The youngsters executed a fitball balancing task, in a seated position, and the so-called Stork-test.  Before the 3-month exercise program, we implemented a pre-, at the end of the program a post-test. According to our results, we may conclude that we had measured a significant difference only in the Fitball-test when players executed the single leg balancing test (Stork-test), we haven’t observed any significant difference.

scholarly journals Hematological parameters of high and low altitude Tibetan populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nipa Basak ◽  
Tsering Norboo ◽  
Mohammed S. Mustak ◽  
Kumarasamy Thangaraj
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
P Value ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Tibetan Population ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Altitude Acclimatization ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
The Difference

AbstractHigh altitude hypoxia is believed to be experienced at elevations more than 2500 meters. A few studies have shed light on the biochemical aspects of high altitude acclimatization that profoundly included the subjects sojourning to the high altitude from low altitude and observation of the transient changes. However, information regarding the difference between the adapted people in high altitude and their counterpart, who reside in the low altitude are lacking. To address that issue, we have measured various hematological parameters and level of serum erythropoietin (EPO) in Tibetan population, who are residing in both high and low altitudes. We observed significant difference (p value < 0.0001) between high and low altitude Tibetan, in various hematological parameters, including red blood cells (RBC) count, hematocrit (HCT) or packed cell volume (PCV), and hemoglobin concentration (Hb). In case of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), significant difference was observed only in females (p value < 0.0001). Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was significantly different between both males and females, but age was a potential confounder. There was no significant difference in serum EPO level between these two groups, either in males or females, which might be due to blunted erythropoietin response in the Tibetan population. We have also analyzed correlation between serum EPO with Hb and serum EPO with HCT and found no significant correlation. In multiple regression analysis, low altitude and male-gender showed significant impact on both Hb and HCT. In conclusion, our study suggests significant perturbation of hematological parameters, when native high altitude populations migrated to low altitude and inhabited for a long period.

scholarly journals Evaluation of EOS Gene Expression and IL-6 Serum Levels in Iraqi Patients with Psoriasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
Shawq Al-Naqqash ◽  
Mohammed Mahdi Jawad ◽  
Zainab Thamer Showait Al-Asady ◽  
Sarmed Adnan Abdulrazaq
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Topical Therapy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Pleiotropic Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dermatology Clinic ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soluble Mediator

Background: EOS (encoded by the IKZF4 gene) is a member of the zinc finger transcription factor IKaros family, and plays a critical role in Treg suppressor functions, and maintaining Treg stability. IL-6 is a soluble mediator with a pleiotropic effect on inflammation, immune response, and hematopoiesis. Aim: To estimate serum IL-6 level and EOS gene expression in Iraqi patients with psoriasis. Method: Twenty-two patients with psoriasis (8 females, 14 males) with age ranged 18-72 years, were recruited from Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Dermatology Clinic, Baghdad, and 24 healthy donors. The serum levels of IL-6 by ELISA and the gene expression of IKZF4 (EOS gene) by RT-qPCR technique. Results: The results showed a non-significant difference in the level of IL-6 in those treated with topical therapy and others treated with Etanercept compared to control. A non-significant increase in patients treated with topical therapy was reported compared to patients treated with Etanercept. There was a higher significant percentage of IKZF4 gene expression folding in psoriasis patients treated with Etanercept compared to control group, while no significant differences reported between patients treated with topical therapy, Etanercept, and the control group. Conclusion: Activation of Regulatory T cells (Tregs) with Etanercept enhances EOS expression and decreases IL-6 production more than topical treatment in patients with psoriasis.

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