Antibiogram of Biofilm Producing and Non-Producing Community Acquired-Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Potential Risk Population of Dharan, Nepal

Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus is one of the common cause of hospital acquired infection and community acquired infections. Nowadays these organisms became resistant towards variety of drugs. MRSA is the emerging antibiotic resistant bacteria that are resistant to methicillin antibiotic and known to be the infectious pathogen causing severe infection and a cause of fatal mortality.Materials and methodology Altogether 200 nasal swabs and 200 hand swabs were obtained from participants and transported to microbiology lab in cold chain. The samples were swabbed in mannitol salt agar (MSA) containing oxacillin powder of 6mg/L and incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs. Staphylococcus aureus colonies were identified based on growth characteristics on MSA plates (golden yellow colonies), Gram stain and positive results for coagulase tube test and catalase test. The pure isolated MRSA were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests and biofilm formation assays.Results From our study the overall prevalence of CA-MRSA was 61.5%. Higher frequency of multi-drug resistant MRSA was isolated. The biofilm producing CA-MRSA were 51.2% which showed high drug resistance and rest (48.7%) were non-biofilm producers. There was significant association in biofilm production with multi-drug resistance (p<0.05). Ciprofloxacin was most sensitive drug against the isolates which was statistically significant (p<0.05). The resistant pattern of biofilm producers reported high ability of multi-drug resistance compared to non-biofilm producers (p<0.05). Microtitre plate method was found to be gold standard over tube and congo red agar method for screening biofilm formation. Surprisingly the emergence of VISA and VRSA strains were significantly reported from our study. The prevalence of VISA and VRSA among CA-MRSA was found to be 49.5% and 40.6% respectively among the isolates which indicates the failure of Vancomycin drug in clinical therapy.Conclusions The prevalence of CA-MRSA was found more in barbers followed by beauticians and municipal waste workers in comparison to healthy controls. This study reported the higher carriage of CA-MRSA in potential risk population along with emergence of VISA and VRSA strains. Improvement in personal hygiene and formulation of appropriate health policy helps to prevent CA-MRSA infection. This study concludes that CA-MRSA is still emerging with multi-drug resistance.

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Multi-drug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from Paediatric Ward, General Hospital, Ikot-Ekpaw, Mkpat Enin LGA, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria

Journal of Advances in Microbiology ◽

10.9734/jamb/2019/v17i230140 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

I. A. Ibanga ◽

O. D. Akan ◽

F. Z. Uyanga ◽

E. C. Mantu ◽

M. Asuquo

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

General Hospital ◽

Skin Wound ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Antibiotics Resistance ◽

Paediatric Ward ◽

Mannitol Salt Agar ◽

Drug Resistance Pattern

Aim: This study evaluated the Multi-drug resistance (MDR) pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from a paediatric ward and was conducted using standard clinical microbiological procedures. Location and Duration of Study: The study was carried out on infant samples collected from the Paediatric ward, General Hospital, Ikot-Ekpaw, Mkpat Enin LGA, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria, over three (3) months period. Design of Study: Hundred swab-samples were inoculated on Mannitol salt agar. Positive growths were further biochemically confirmed for Staphylococcus aureus. Confirmed isolates were then used for MDR evaluation. Results and Interpretation: Of the 100 samples from skin, wound, ear, throat and nose swabs, 28 isolates were confirmed as S. aureus and were subjected to a range of selected commercially available antibiotics like: Amoxicillin, ampiclox, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, rifampicin and streptomycin, to evaluate their susceptibilities. The wound swabs gave the highest isolate percentage yield (32%) followed by skin swabs (29%). Susceptibility results showed that amoxicillin and ampiclox were more resisted by the isolates, while ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and norfloxacin were more effective against the isolates. The Multiple antibiotics resistance (MAR) indices showed that 85.7% of the isolates had confirmed multi-drug resistance status, with 60.7% of the isolates showing resistance to between four or more of the tested antimicrobials. MAR indices revealed that 96.4% of the isolates had 0.3, indicating that the resistance resulted from isolates that adapted to the tested drugs due to some form of abuse. Restricted use of these drugs would help curtail the high resistance currently observed amongst microorganisms.

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Detection of enterotoxin gene (sea) and biofilm formation ability among multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from shawarma sandwich sold at selected kiosks in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.4(4).039 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 1234-1244

Author(s):

Salahaldin Fathalla M. ◽

N.A. Mahyudin ◽

F. Mohamad Ghazali ◽

Y. Rukayadi

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Potential Hazard ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Microtitre Plate Assay

The occurrence of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus in food product of animal origin has increased the concern about their spread into the food supply chain. Presence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus in food products, including ready-to-eat foods imposes potential hazard for consumers. The objective of this research was to investigate the presence of multi-drug resistance of S. aureus in sixty ready-to-eat shawarma sandwiches. Agar-disc diffusion assay determined their resistance to 11 antibiotics. The sea and sed enterotoxin genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction method. Biofilm formation potential (BFP) was quantified by microtitre plate assay. The result revealed that thirty-six samples (60%) were positive for S. aureus. Majority of the isolates (n = 29; 80.6%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The isolates demonstrated highest resistance against ampicillin (69.4%) and penicillin (69.4%), while resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and kanamycin were 47.2%, 33.3% and 22.2%, respectively. Several isolates were resistant to trimethoprim (5.6%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole- (2.8%), gentamicin (2.8%) and cephalothin (2.8%), while none exhibited resistance to chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin. Out of the thirty-six isolates, twelve isolates (33.3%) were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotic (multidrug-resistant) and 50% had a Multiple Antibiotic Resistance index value more than 0.25. Of the multi-drug resistant isolates, four were positive for sea genes but no sed genes were present. All multi-drug resistance isolates were biofilm formers with five and six isolates were strong and moderate formers, respectively. Additionally, all the sea gene carrying multi-drug resistance isolates were strong biofilm formers. These findings revealed shawarma as a potential vehicle for the spread of multidrug-resistant S. aureus, suggesting more control measures for ready-to-eat food.

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