Persistent domestic circulation of African swine fever virus in Tanzania, 2015-2017

Abstract BackgroundAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs that threatens livelihoods and food security. In Africa, ASF virus (ASFV) circulates in sylvatic (transmission between warthogs and soft argasid ticks) and domestic (transmission between domestic pigs) cycles, with outbreaks resulting from ASFV spill-over from sylvatic cycle. A number of outbreaks were reported in different parts of Tanzania between 2015 and 2017. The present study investigated ASFV transmission patterns through viral DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.ResultsASFV was confirmed to cause disease in sampled domestic pigs. ASFV genotypes II, IX, and X were detected from reported outbreaks in 2015-2017. The current ASFV isolates were similar to those recently documented in the previous studies in Tanzania. The similarities of these isolates suggests for continuous circulation of ASFV with virus maintenance within the domestic pigs.MethodsA total of 3120 tissue samples were collected from 2396 domestic pigs during outbreaks at different locations in Tanzania between 2015 and 2017. Partial sequencing of the B646L (p72) gene was conducted for diagnostic confirmation and molecular characterization of ASFV. Phylogenetic analysis to study the relatedness of current ASFV with those that caused previous outbreaks in Tanzania and representatives of all known 24 ASFV was performed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood model with 1000 bootstrap replications in MEGA 6.0.ConclusionsGenetic analysis confirmed the circulation of ASFV genotypes II, IX, and X by partial B646L (p72) gene sequencing. The similarities of current isolates to previously isolated Tanzanian isolates and pattern of disease spread suggest for continuous circulation of ASF with virus’ maintenance in the domestic pigs. Although certain viral genotypes seem to be geographically restricted into certain zones within Tanzania, genotype II seems to expand its geographical range northwards with the likelihood of spreading to other states of the East African Community. The spread of ASFV is due to breach of quarantine and transportation of infected pigs via major highways. Appropriate control measures including zoosanitary measures and quarantine enforcement are recommended to prevent ASF domestic circulation in Tanzania.

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Persistent domestic circulation of African swine fever virus in Tanzania, 2015–2017

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-020-02588-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Clara M. Yona ◽

Merijn Vanhee ◽

Edgar Simulundu ◽

Mariam Makange ◽

Hans J. Nauwynck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

African Swine Fever Virus ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Composite Likelihood ◽

Control Measures ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Hemorrhagic Disease ◽

Sylvatic Cycle ◽

East African Community ◽

Domestic Pigs

Abstract Background African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs that threatens livelihoods and food security. In Africa, ASF virus (ASFV) circulates in sylvatic (transmission between warthogs and soft argasid ticks) and domestic (transmission between domestic pigs) cycles, with outbreaks resulting from ASFV spill-over from sylvatic cycle. A number of outbreaks were reported in different parts of Tanzania between 2015 and 2017. The present study investigated ASFV transmission patterns through viral DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. A total of 3120 tissue samples were collected from 2396 domestic pigs during outbreaks at different locations in Tanzania between 2015 and 2017. Partial sequencing of the B646L (p72) gene was conducted for diagnostic confirmation and molecular characterization of ASFV. Phylogenetic analysis to study the relatedness of current ASFV with those that caused previous outbreaks in Tanzania and representatives of all known 24 ASFV was performed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood model with 1000 bootstrap replications in MEGA 6.0. Results ASFV was confirmed to cause disease in sampled domestic pigs. ASFV genotypes II, IX, and X were detected from reported outbreaks in 2015–2017. The current ASFV isolates were similar to those recently documented in the previous studies in Tanzania. The similarities of these isolates suggests for continuous circulation of ASFV with virus maintenance within the domestic pigs. Conclusions Genetic analysis confirmed the circulation of ASFV genotypes II, IX, and X by partial B646L (p72) gene sequencing. The similarities of current isolates to previously isolated Tanzanian isolates and pattern of disease spread suggest for continuous circulation of ASF with virus’ maintenance in the domestic pigs. Although certain viral genotypes seem to be geographically restricted into certain zones within Tanzania, genotype II seems to expand its geographical range northwards with the likelihood of spreading to other states of the East African Community. The spread of ASFV is due to breach of quarantine and transportation of infected pigs via major highways. Appropriate control measures including zoosanitary measures and quarantine enforcement are recommended to prevent ASF domestic circulation in Tanzania.

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Persistent domestic circulation of African swine fever virus in Tanzania, 2015-2017

10.21203/rs.2.15337/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Clara M. Yona ◽

Merijn Vanhee ◽

Edgar Simulundu ◽

Mariam Makange ◽

Hans Nauwynck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

African Swine Fever Virus ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Composite Likelihood ◽

Control Measures ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Hemorrhagic Disease ◽

Sylvatic Cycle ◽

East African Community ◽

Domestic Pigs

Abstract Background African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs that threatens livelihoods and food security. In Africa, ASF virus (ASFV) circulates in sylvatic (transmission between warthogs and soft argasid ticks) and domestic (transmission between domestic pigs) cycles, with outbreaks resulting from ASFV spill-over from sylvatic cycle. A number of outbreaks were reported in different parts of Tanzania between 2015 and 2017. The present study investigated ASFV transmission patterns through virus genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. Results ASFV was confirmed to cause outbreaks in sampled domestic pigs. ASFV genotypes II, IX, and X were detected from reported outbreaks in 2015-2017. The current ASFV isolates were similar to those recently documented in the previous studies in Tanzania. The similarities of these isolates suggests for continuous circulation of ASFV with virus maintenance within the domestic pigs. Methods A total of 3120 tissue samples were collected from 2396 domestic pigs during outbreaks at different locations in Tanzania between 2015 and 2017. Partial sequencing of the B646L (p72) gene was conducted for diagnostic confirmation and molecular characterization of ASFV. Phylogenetic analysis to study the relatedness of current ASFV with those that caused previous outbreaks in Tanzania and representatives of all known 24 ASFV was performed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood model with 1000 bootstrap replications in MEGA 6.0. Conclusions Genetic analysis confirmed the circulation of ASFV genotypes II, IX, and X by partial B646L (p72) gene sequencing. The similarities of current isolates to previously isolated Tanzanian isolates and pattern of disease spread suggest for continuous circulation of ASF with virus’ maintenance in the domestic pigs. Although certain viral genotypes seem to be geographically restricted into certain zones within Tanzania, genotype II seems to expand its geographical range northwards with the likelihood of spreading to other states of the East African Community. The spread of ASFV is due to breach of quarantine and transportation of affected pigs via major highways. Appropriate control measures including zoosanitary measures and quarantine measures adherence are recommended to prevent ASF domestic circulation in Tanzania.

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Persistent domestic circulation of African swine fever virus in Tanzania, 2015-2017

10.21203/rs.2.15337/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Clara M. Yona ◽

Merijn Vanhee ◽

Edgar Simulundu ◽

Mariam Makange ◽

Hans Nauwynck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

African Swine Fever Virus ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Composite Likelihood ◽

Control Measures ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Hemorrhagic Disease ◽

Sylvatic Cycle ◽

East African Community ◽

Domestic Pigs

Abstract Background: African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs that threatens livelihoods and food security. In Africa, ASF virus (ASFV) circulates in sylvatic (transmission between warthogs and soft argasid ticks) and domestic (transmission between domestic pigs) cycles, with outbreaks resulting from ASFV spill-over from sylvatic cycle. A number of outbreaks were reported in different parts of Tanzania between 2015 and 2017. The present study investigated ASFV transmission patterns through viral DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. A total of 3120 tissue samples were collected from 2396 domestic pigs during outbreaks at different locations in Tanzania between 2015 and 2017. Partial sequencing of the B646L (p72) gene was conducted for diagnostic confirmation and molecular characterization of ASFV. Phylogenetic analysis to study the relatedness of current ASFV with those that caused previous outbreaks in Tanzania and representatives of all known 24 ASFV was performed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood model with 1000 bootstrap replications in MEGA 6.0. Results: ASFV was confirmed to cause disease in sampled domestic pigs. ASFV genotypes II, IX, and X were detected from reported outbreaks in 2015-2017. The current ASFV isolates were similar to those recently documented in the previous studies in Tanzania. The similarities of these isolates suggests for continuous circulation of ASFV with virus maintenance within the domestic pigs. Conclusions: Genetic analysis confirmed the circulation of ASFV genotypes II, IX, and X by partial B646L (p72) gene sequencing. The similarities of current isolates to previously isolated Tanzanian isolates and pattern of disease spread suggest for continuous circulation of ASF with virus’ maintenance in the domestic pigs. Although certain viral genotypes seem to be geographically restricted into certain zones within Tanzania, genotype II seems to expand its geographical range northwards with the likelihood of spreading to other states of the East African Community. The spread of ASFV is due to breach of quarantine and transportation of infected pigs via major highways. Appropriate control measures including zoosanitary measures and quarantine enforcement are recommended to prevent ASF domestic circulation in Tanzania.

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Persistent domestic circulation of African swine fever virus in Tanzania, 2010-2017

10.21203/rs.2.15337/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Clara M. Yona ◽

Merijn Vanhee ◽

Edgar Simulundu ◽

Mariam Makange ◽

Hans Nauwynck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African Swine Fever Virus ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Control Measures ◽

Nucleotide Sequencing ◽

Hemorrhagic Disease ◽

East African ◽

Sylvatic Cycle ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

East African Community ◽

Domestic Pigs

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Pathogenesis of African swine fever virus inOrnithodorosticks

Animal Health Research Reviews ◽

10.1079/ahrr200133 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 121-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Steven B. Kleiboeker ◽

Glen A. Scoles

Keyword(s):

African Swine Fever Virus ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Hemorrhagic Disease ◽

Sylvatic Cycle ◽

Infectious Dose ◽

Domestic Pigs ◽

Ornithodoros Porcinus Porcinus ◽

Sub Saharan

AbstractAfrican swine fever virus (ASFV) is the only known DNA arbovirus and the sole member of the family Asfarviridae. It causes a lethal, hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs. ASFV is enzootic in sub-Saharan Africa and is maintained in a sylvatic cycle by infecting both wild members of the Suidae (e.g. warthogs) and the argasid tickOrnithodoros porcinus porcinus. The pathogenesis of ASFV inO. porcinus porcinusticks is characterized by a low infectious dose, lifelong infection, efficient transmission to both pigs and ticks, and low mortality until after the first oviposition. ASFV pathogenesis in warthogs is characterized by an inapparent infection with transient, low viremic titers. ThusO. porcinus porcinusticks probably constitute the most important natural vector of ASFV, although both the mammalian and tick hosts are probably required for the maintenance of ASFV in the sylvatic cycle. The mechanism of ASFV transmission from the sylvatic cycle to domestic pigs is probably through infected ticks feeding on pigs. In addition toO. porcinus porcinus, a number of North American, Central American and Caribbean species ofOrnithodoroshave been shown to be potential vectors of ASFV.

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Fecal microbiota transplantation from warthog to pig confirms the influence of the gut microbiota on African swine fever susceptibility

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-74651-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jinya Zhang ◽

Fernando Rodríguez ◽

Maria Jesus Navas ◽

Mar Costa-Hurtado ◽

Vanessa Almagro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽

African Swine Fever Virus ◽

Differential Susceptibility ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Preliminary Evidence ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Host Susceptibility ◽

Hemorrhagic Disease ◽

Domestic Pigs

Abstract African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of a devastating hemorrhagic disease (ASF) that affects both domestic pigs and wild boars. Conversely, ASFV circulates in a subclinical manner in African wild pigs, including warthogs, the natural reservoir for ASFV. Together with genetic differences, other factors might be involved in the differential susceptibility to ASF observed among Eurasian suids (Sus scrofa) and African warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus). Preliminary evidence obtained in our laboratory and others, seems to confirm the effect that environmental factors might have on ASF infection. Thus, domestic pigs raised in specific pathogen-free (SPF) facilities were extremely susceptible to highly attenuated ASFV strains that were innocuous to genetically identical domestic pigs grown on conventional farms. Since gut microbiota plays important roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, regulating immune system maturation and the functionality of the innate/adaptive immune responses, we decided to examine whether warthog fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to domestic pigs affects host susceptibility to ASFV. The present work demonstrates that warthog FMT is not harmful for domestic weaned piglets, while it modifies their gut microbiota; and that FMT from warthogs to pigs confers partial protection against attenuated ASFV strains. Future work is needed to elucidate the protective mechanisms exerted by warthog FMT.

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Evaluation of Lesions and Viral Antigen Distribution in Domestic Pigs Inoculated Intranasally with African Swine Fever Virus Ken05/Tk1 (Genotype X)

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10060768 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 768

Author(s):

Pedro J. Sánchez-Cordón ◽

Tobias Floyd ◽

Daniel Hicks ◽

Helen R. Crooke ◽

Stephen McCleary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Antigen ◽

African Swine Fever Virus ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Virus Genome ◽

Virus Antigen ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Control Measures ◽

Vascular Lesions ◽

Domestic Pigs

The understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and the clinicopathological forms caused by currently circulating African swine fever virus (ASFV) isolates is incomplete. So far, most of the studies have been focused on isolates classified within genotypes I and II, the only genotypes that have circulated outside of Africa. However, less is known about the clinical presentations and lesions induced by isolates belonging to the other twenty-two genotypes. Therefore, the early clinicopathological identification of disease outbreaks caused by isolates belonging to, as yet, not well-characterised ASFV genotypes may be compromised, which might cause a delay in the implementation of control measures to halt the virus spread. To improve the pathological characterisation of disease caused by diverse isolates, we have refined the macroscopic and histopathological evaluation protocols to standardise the scoring of lesions. Domestic pigs were inoculated intranasally with different doses (high, medium and low) of ASFV isolate Ken05/Tk1 (genotype X). To complement previous studies, the distribution and severity of macroscopic and histopathological lesions, along with the amount and distribution of viral antigen in tissues, were characterised by applying the new scoring protocols. The intranasal inoculation of domestic pigs with high doses of the Ken05/Tk1 isolate induced acute forms of ASF in most of the animals. Inoculation with medium doses mainly induced acute forms of disease. A less severe but longer clinical course, typical of subacute forms, characterised by the presence of more widespread and severe haemorrhages and oedema, was observed in one pig inoculated with the medium dose. The severity of vascular lesions (haemorrhages and oedema) induced by high and medium doses was not associated with the amount of virus antigen detected in tissues, therefore these might be attributed to indirect mechanisms not evaluated in the present study. The absence of clinical signs, lesions and detectable levels of virus genome or antigen in blood from the animals inoculated with the lowest dose ruled out the existence of possible asymptomatic carriers or persistently infected pigs, at least for the 21 days period of the study. The results corroborate the moderate virulence of the Ken05/Tk1 isolate, as well as its capacity to induce both the acute and, occasionally, subacute forms of ASF when high and medium doses were administered intranasally.

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Swift and Reliable “Easy Lab” Methods for the Sensitive Molecular Detection of African Swine Fever Virus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22052307 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 2307

Author(s):

Ahmed Elnagar ◽

Jutta Pikalo ◽

Martin Beer ◽

Sandra Blome ◽

Bernd Hoffmann

Keyword(s):

African Swine Fever Virus ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Molecular Diagnostic ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Hemorrhagic Disease ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Wild Boars ◽

Field Samples ◽

Edta Blood

African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. The disease is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and is responsible for high mortality and serious economic losses. PCR and real-time PCR (qPCR) are the OIE-recommended standard methods for the direct detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV) DNA. The aim of our work was the simplification and standardization of the molecular diagnostic workflow in the lab. For validation of this “easy lab” workflow, different sample materials from animal trials were collected and analyzed (EDTA blood, serum, oral swabs, chewing ropes, and tissue samples) to identify the optimal sample material for diagnostics in live animals. Based on our data, the EDTA blood samples or bloody tissue samples represent the best specimens for ASFV detection in the early and late phases of infection. The application of prefilled ready-to-use reagents for nucleic acid extraction or the use of a Tissue Lysis Reagent (TLR) delivers simple and reliable alternatives for the release of the ASFV nucleic acids. For the qPCR detection of ASFV, different published and commercial kits were compared. Here, a lyophilized commercial kit shows the best results mainly based on the increased template input. The good results of the “easy lab” strategy could be confirmed by the ASFV detection in field samples from wild boars collected from the 2020 ASFV outbreak in Germany. Appropriate internal control systems for extraction and PCR are key features of the “easy lab” concept and reduce the risk of false-negative and false-positive results. In addition, the use of easy-to-handle machines and software reduces training efforts and the misinterpretation of results. The PCR diagnostics based on the “easy lab” strategy can realize a high sensitivity and specificity comparable to the standard PCR methods and should be especially usable for labs with limited experiences and resources.

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Cytokine Storm in Domestic Pigs Induced by Infection of Virulent African Swine Fever Virus

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2020.601641 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Shuchao Wang ◽

Jingyuan Zhang ◽

Yanyan Zhang ◽

Jinjin Yang ◽

Lidong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

African Swine Fever Virus ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Hemorrhagic Disease ◽

Cytokine Storm ◽

Domestic Pigs ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

African swine fever, caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs. The current continent-wide pandemic has persisted for over 10 years, and its economy-devastating effect was highlighted after spreading to China, which possesses half of the world pig industry. So far, development of an effective and safe vaccine has not been finished largely due to the knowledge gaps in pathogenesis and immunology, particularly the role of cytokines in the host's immune response. Therefore, we performed experiments in domestic pigs to analyze the kinetics of representative circulating interferons (IFNs), interleukins (ILs), growth factors, tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), and chemokines induced by infection of type II virulent ASFV SY18. Pigs infected with this Chinese prototypical isolate developed severe clinical manifestations mostly from 3 days post inoculation (dpi) and died from 7 to 8 dpi. Serum analysis revealed a trend of robust and sustained elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-18, RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), and IFN-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10) from 3 dpi, but not the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Moreover, secondary drastic increase of the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, as well as elevated IL-10, was observed at the terminal phase of infection. This pattern of cytokine secretion clearly drew an image of a typical cytokine storm characterized by delayed and dysregulated initiation of the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine and imbalanced pro- and anti-inflammatory response, which paved a way for further understanding of the molecular basis of ASFV pathogenesis.

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African Swine Fever in Wild Boar in Europe—A Review

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13091717 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1717

Author(s):

Carola Sauter-Louis ◽

Franz J. Conraths ◽

Carolina Probst ◽

Ulrike Blohm ◽

Katja Schulz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wild Boar ◽

Case Fatality ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Spatial Behavior ◽

Control Measures ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Domestic Pigs ◽

In The Wild ◽

Socio Economic Impact

The introduction of genotype II African swine fever (ASF) virus, presumably from Africa into Georgia in 2007, and its continuous spread through Europe and Asia as a panzootic disease of suids, continues to have a huge socio-economic impact. ASF is characterized by hemorrhagic fever leading to a high case/fatality ratio in pigs. In Europe, wild boar are especially affected. This review summarizes the currently available knowledge on ASF in wild boar in Europe. The current ASF panzootic is characterized by self-sustaining cycles of infection in the wild boar population. Spill-over and spill-back events occur from wild boar to domestic pigs and vice versa. The social structure of wild boar populations and the spatial behavior of the animals, a variety of ASF virus (ASFV) transmission mechanisms and persistence in the environment complicate the modeling of the disease. Control measures focus on the detection and removal of wild boar carcasses, in which ASFV can remain infectious for months. Further measures include the reduction in wild boar density and the limitation of wild boar movements through fences. Using these measures, the Czech Republic and Belgium succeeded in eliminating ASF in their territories, while the disease spread in others. So far, no vaccine is available to protect wild boar or domestic pigs reliably against ASF.

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