Comparison of Four Precipitation Based Meteorological Drought Indices in Yesilirmak Basin, Turkey

Average Value ◽

Drought Conditions ◽

Score Index

Abstract Drought, which is often defined as not enough precipitation, does not a mean simple lack of precipitation. This condition, which occurs when humidity is less than the average value for many years, is caused by a disrupted balance between precipitation and evaporation in a region. It is very difficult to predict the start and the end time of drought. In the present study, the drought conditions of the stations selected from Yesilirmak Basin between 1970 and 2014 were determined by using Z-Score Index (ZSI), China-Z Index (CZI), Modified China-Z Index (MCZI), and Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), and the compliance of these indices to the SPI was investigated. It was determined that these indices gave parallel results to each other, and SPI detected drought earlier than other indices.

Monitoring droughts in Eswatini: A spatiotemporal variability analysis using the Standard Precipitation Index

Jàmbá Journal of Disaster Risk Studies ◽

10.4102/jamba.v11i1.712 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Daniel H. Mlenga ◽

Andries J. Jordaan

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Early Warning ◽

Meteorological Drought ◽

Precipitation Index ◽

Spatiotemporal Variability ◽

Drought Monitoring ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Ecological Zones

The spatiotemporal analysis of drought is of great importance to Eswatini as the country has been facing recurring droughts with negative impacts on agriculture, the environment and the economy. In 2016, the country experienced the most severe drought in over 35 years, resulting in food shortages, drying up of rivers as well as livestock deaths. The frequent occurrence of extreme drought events makes the use of drought indices essential for drought monitoring, early warning and planning. The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) for near real-time and retrospective drought monitoring in Eswatini. The 3-, 6- and 12-month SPI were computed to analyse the severity and onset of meteorological drought between 1986 and 2017. The results indicated that the climate of Eswatini exhibits geospatial and temporal variability. Droughts intensified in terms of frequency, severity and geospatial coverage, with the worst drought years being 1985–1986, 2005–2006 and 2015–2016 agricultural seasons. Moderate droughts were the most prevalent, while the frequency of severe and very severe droughts was low. Most parts of the country were vulnerable to mild and moderate agricultural droughts. Spatial analysis showed that the most severe and extreme droughts were mostly experienced in the Lowveld and Middleveld agro-ecological zones. The 3-, 6- and 12-month SPI computations conducted in January detected the onset of early season drought, thereby affirming the applicability of the index for monitoring near real-time and retrospective droughts in Eswatini. Drought monitoring using the SPI provides information for early warning, particularly in drought-prone areas, by depicting a drought before the effects are felt.

Análisis comparativo de índices de sequía en Andalucía para el periodo 1901-2012

Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica ◽

10.18172/cig.2946 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 67 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. Peña-Gallardo ◽

S. R. Gámiz-Fortís ◽

Y. Castro-Diez ◽

M. J. Esteban-Parra

Keyword(s):

Time Windows ◽

Initial Period ◽

Climatic Variability ◽

The Standardized Precipitation Index

Meteorological Drought ◽

Precipitation Index ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Global Evaluation ◽

Temporal Behaviour ◽

The aim of this paper is the analysis of the detection and evolution of droughts occurred in Andalusia for the period 1901-2012, by applying three different drought indices: the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Standardized Drought-Precipitation Index (IESP), computed for three time windows from the initial period 1901-2012. This analysis has been carried out after a preliminary study of precipitation trends with the intention of understanding the precipitation behaviour, because this climatic variable is one of the most important in the study of extreme events. The specific objectives of this study are: (1) to investigate and characterize the meteorological drought events, mainly the most important episodes in Andalusia; (2) to provide a global evaluation of the capacities of the three different considered indices in order to characterize the drought in a heterogeneous climatically territory; and (3) to describe the temporal behaviour of precipitation and drought indices series in order to establish the general characteristics of their evolution in Andalusia. The results have shown that not all the indices respond similarly identifying the intensity and duration of dry periods in this kind of region where geographical and climatic variability is one of the main elements to be considered.

A new early warning drought index for Ethiopia

Journal of Water and Climate Change ◽

10.2166/wcc.2018.105 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 624-630

Author(s):

Yonas Tadesse ◽

Aklilu Amsalu ◽

Paolo Billi ◽

Massimiliano Fazzini

Keyword(s):

Early Warning ◽

Drought Index ◽

Aridity Index ◽

Precipitation Index ◽

Z Score ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

Rain Gauges ◽

Dire Dawa ◽

Seeding Time

Abstract This study investigates the occurrence of droughts in the Dire Dawa area of eastern Ethiopia. A new index based on the rainfall delay (Rd) with respect to the expected onset (and traditional) seeding time and other indices, i.e., the aridity index and the Z-score, alternatives to the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), are used to test the validity of the new Rd index in identifying severe droughts extending back to 1955. Although only data of rain gauges located in the district of Dire Dawa were used, they proved, albeit with different accuracies, able to identify nation-wide droughts.

Analysing The Feature of Meteorological Drought in North East Ethiopia: The Case of Meket and Wadla Districts in North Wello Zone, Amhara Region

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1039142/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mesfin Anteneh

Keyword(s):

Time Scale ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Meteorological Drought ◽

Precipitation Index ◽

Trend Test ◽

Drought Event ◽

North East ◽

Short Rainy Season ◽

History Of

Abstract The study was undertaken to investigate the magnitude, frequency and trends of drought incidence in North Wello Zone, northeast Ethiopia using monthly rainfall record for the period 1987 to 2017 of Meket and Wadla station. Standard precipitation index and Mann–Kendal test were used to analyse drought event and trends of drought occurrences, respectively. Drought Index Calculator used to analyse standard precipitation index. The coefficient variation of the study area for Meket was (21.2%), while for Wadla it was (53%) which showed high inter-annual variability. It was established that both studied stations experienced drought episodes in 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2006, 2014 and 2015, drought years in the history of Ethiopia. The year 2006 was the most severe and distinct-wide extreme drought episode in both studied stations which standard precipitation index values -2.14 at Wadla and -2.01 at Meket station. The frequency of drought number of years which experienced negative standardize precipitation index values in the total time series of 30 years observed for all time scale at both station is 50 percent and above. The drought magnitude of different time scale varied from slight to extreme severe in the studied stations. The Mann–Kendal trend test shows except two-month timescale at Wadla station, all timescales were not statistically significant (P<0.05). Generally increasing tendencies of drought were observed during main rainy season and decreasing tendencies of drought during short rainy season and annual scale observed in the study area.

Meteorological Drought Monitoring in Northeastern China Using Multiple Indices

Water ◽

10.3390/w11010072 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 72 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fengping Li ◽

Hongyan Li ◽

Wenxi Lu ◽

Guangxin Zhang ◽

Joo-Cheol Kim

Keyword(s):

Meteorological Drought ◽

Drought Monitoring ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Monthly Precipitation ◽

Precipitation Data ◽

Z Score ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Daily Precipitation Data ◽

Precipitation Changes

Drought monitoring is one of the significant issues of water resources assessment. Multiple drought indices (DIs), including Percent of Normal (PN), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), statistical Z-Score, and Effective Drought Index (EDI) at 18 different timesteps were employed to evaluate the drought condition in Wuyuer River Basin (WRB), Northeast China. Daily precipitation data of 50 years (1960–2010) from three meteorological stations were used in this study. We found DIs with intermediate time steps (7 to 18 months) to have the highest predictive values for identifying droughts. And DIs exhibited a better similarity in the 12-month timestep. Among all the DIs, EDI exhibited the best correlation with other DIs for various timesteps. When further comparing with historical droughts, Z-Score, SPI, and EDI were found more sensitive to multi-monthly cumulative precipitation changes (r2 > 0.55) with respect to monthly precipitation changes (r2 ≤ 0.10), while EDI was more preferable when only monthly precipitation data were available. These results indicated that various indices for different timesteps should be investigated in drought monitoring in WRB, especially the intermediate timesteps should be considered.

The application of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to monitor drought in surface and groundwaters

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20184400082 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 00082

Author(s):

Justyna Kubicz

Keyword(s):

Meteorological Drought ◽

Test Area ◽

Precipitation Index ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Spi Index ◽

Correct Determination ◽

Water Courses ◽

Current Water

The paper presents the initial studies with the aim to assess the possibility to apply of Standardized Precipitation Index SPI to monitor drought in surface and groundwaters. The fact that data about precipitation are highly available allows for precise monitoring of the periods of occurrence and intensification of meteorological drought by determining the standardized SPI index. The evaluation of current water deficits in surface water courses and groundwaters is very difficult due to the fact that the measurement network is relatively scarce. In order to apply SPI to monitor hydrological and hydrogeological drought, it is required to assess the significance and level of the correlation between drought indices in the test area and then to calculate the probability of correct determination of drought in surface and groundwaters with use of SPI.

Application of Standardized Precipitation Index to assess meteorological drought in Bangladesh

Jàmbá Journal of Disaster Risk Studies ◽

10.4102/jamba.v8i1.280 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Md. Anarul H. Mondol ◽

Subash C. Das ◽

Md. Nurul Islam

Keyword(s):

Meteorological Drought ◽

Precipitation Index ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Drought Assessment ◽

Climatic Regions ◽

Northern Regions ◽

Central Regions ◽

History Of ◽

Meteorological Droughts

Bangladesh is one of the vulnerable countries of the world for natural disasters. Drought is one of the common and severe calamities in Bangladesh that causes immense suffering to people in various ways. The present research has been carried out to examine the frequency of meteorological droughts in Bangladesh using the long-term rainfall data of 30 meteorological observatories covering the period of 1948–2011. The study uses the highly effective Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for drought assessment in Bangladesh. By assessing the meteorological droughts and the history of meteorological droughts of Bangladesh, the spatial distributions of meteorological drought indices were also analysed. The spatial and temporal changes in meteorological drought and changes in different years based on different SPI month intervals were analysed. The results indicate that droughts were a normal and recurrent feature and it occurred more or less all over the country in virtually all climatic regions of the country. As meteorological drought depends on only rainfall received in an area, anomaly of rainfall is the main cause of drought. Bangladesh experienced drought in the years 1950, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1971 before independence and after independence Bangladesh has experienced droughts in the years 1972, 1973, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, 1992, 1994, 1995, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009 and 2011 during the period 1948–2011. The study indicated that Rajshahi and its surroundings, in the northern regions and Jessore and its surroundings areas, the island Bhola and surrounding regions, in the south-west region, were vulnerable. In the Sylhet division, except Srimongal, the areas were not vulnerable but the eastern southern sides of the districts Chittagong, Rangamati, Khagrachhari, Bandarban and Teknaf were vulnerable. In the central regions, the districts of Mymensingh and Faridpur were more vulnerable than other districts.

Comparative Assessment of Standard Precipitation Index and Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index as Drought Evaluation Tools in Coastal Winneba-Ghana

Journal of Geography Environment and Earth Science International ◽

10.9734/jgeesi/2021/v25i630292 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 39-54

Author(s):

Johnson Ankrah

Keyword(s):

Cross Correlation ◽

Statistical Evaluation ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Positive Association ◽

Comparative Assessment ◽

Precipitation Index ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Altman Plot ◽

Drought Occurrence

In coastal Winneba-Ghana, drought occurrence negatively affects the ecosystems and agriculture and threatens food security and socio-economic livelihoods. Nevertheless, there exist dearth of information on a detailed statistical evaluation of drought indices over this area. This study made a comparative assessment of Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) over coastal-Winneba. A daily temperature and rainfall data from 1980-2019 acquired from the Ghana Meteorological Agency was used to perform SPI and SPEI. Pearson correlation coefficient and cross-correlation, and Bland and Altman plot were used to test for the strength and direction and the degree of agreement, respectively between SPI and SPEI. Results showed a strong and positive association between SPI and SPEI (0.90, 0.91, 0.84, and 0.93) at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month timescales, respectively. Results again, showed a good degree of agreement between SPI and SPEI (-0.06138, -0.00736, -0.05211, and -0.01810) at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month timescales, respectively. Results further, showed that while both SPI and SPEI correlated strongly with each other, SPEI performed better in the detection of severe and extreme droughts at all timescales than SPI. Additionally, results showed that in the absence of temperature data to perform SPEI, the SPI can be used since the study found an acceptable degree of agreement scores between SPI and SPEI at all timescales in the study area. The study, therefore, recommends the utilization of numerous drought indices in drought performance assessment at a particular region or locality to arrive at a strong decision.

Mapping the spatial and temporal variation of agricultural and meteorological drought using geospatial techniques, Ethiopia

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH ◽

10.1186/s40068-020-00204-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abebe Senamaw ◽

Solomon Addisu ◽

K. V. Suryabhagavan

Keyword(s):

Temporal Variation ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Meteorological Drought ◽

Precipitation Index ◽

Agricultural Drought ◽

Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Drought Risk ◽

Drought Condition

Abstract Background Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing play an important role for near real time monitoring of drought condition over large areas. The aim of this study was to assess spatial and temporal variation of agricultural and meteorological drought using temporal image of eMODIS NDVI based vegetation condition index (VCI) and standard precipitation index (SPI) from the year 2000 to 2016. To validate the strength of drought indices correlation analysis was made between VCI and crop yield anomaly as well as standardized precipitation index (SPI) and crop yield anomaly. Results The results revealed that the year 2009 and 2015 was drought years while the 2001 and 2007 were wet years. There was also a good correlation between NDVI and rainfall (r = 0.71), VCI and crop yield anomaly (0.72), SPI and crop yield anomaly (0.74). Frequency of metrological and agricultural drought was compiled by using historical drought intensity map. The result shows that there was complex and local scale variation in frequency of drought events in the study period. There was also no year without drought in many parts of the study area. Combined drought risk map also showed that 8%, 56% and 35% of the study area were vulnerable to very severe, severe and moderate drought condition respectively. Conclusions In conclusion, the study area is highly vulnerable to agricultural and meteorological drought. There was also no year without drought in many parts of the study area. Thus besides mapping drought vulnerable areas, integrating socio-economic data for better understand other vulnerable factors were recommended.

Comparison of meteorological indices for drought monitoring and evaluating: a case study from Euphrates basin, Turkey

Journal of Water and Climate Change ◽

10.2166/wcc.2020.171 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (S1) ◽

pp. 29-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Okan Mert Katipoğlu ◽

Reşat Acar ◽

Selim Şengül

Keyword(s):

Drought Index ◽

Meteorological Drought ◽

Rainfall Anomaly ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Time Period ◽

Score Index

Abstract Drought incidents occur due to the fact that precipitation values are below average for many years. Drought causes serious effects in many sectors, such as agriculture, economy, health, and energy. Therefore, the determination of drought and water scarcity, monitoring, management, and planning of drought and taking early measures are important issues. In order to solve these issues, the advantages and disadvantages of five different meteorological drought indices were compared, and the most effective drought index was determined for monitoring drought. Accordingly, in the monthly, 3-month, and 12-month time period, covering the years between 1966 and 2017 (52 years), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Statistical Z-Score Index (ZSI), Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), and Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) were used. It was concluded that precipitation-based SPI and ZSI are similar patterns and precipitation, and temperature-based SPEI and RDI are similar patterns. Also, it has been determined that RAI is more effective than other indices in determining the periods of extreme drought or wet. Furthermore, SPEI and RDI have been found to be superior to other indices as they take into account the water consumption and climate effects caused by evapotranspiration.