scholarly journals Efficacy of interventions to reduce nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in English NHS Trusts in Wave 1: A computational modelling study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Evans ◽  
Peter J White ◽  
Mark Wilcox ◽  
Julie V Robotham
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Nosocomial Transmission ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Specialist Care ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Care Capacity ◽  
And Control

Abstract Nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to place a large burden on the healthcare system through, for example, increased patient length of stay, pressure on specialist care capacity and staff shortages. In England, a number of interventions were applied in hospitals over wave 1 of the COVID-19 pandemic to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 among both hospital inpatients and healthcare workers (HCWs). Using a computational modelling approach, we have estimated the combined effect of these, and other changes within the hospital setting, to determine how many nosocomial infections were averted. While highly uncertain, due primarily to important gaps in the evidence base, model results suggest that in a scenario with high occupancy, no testing, reduced infection prevention and control (IPC) measures, increased visitors, and longer patient stays, approximately 5.2% (3.9-7.2%) of all susceptible inpatients (n=140,603; 95% CI, 89,352-197,977 patients in total), and 51.1% (43.6, 55.3%) of patient-facing HCWs could have been nosocomially infected with SARS-CoV-2 over wave 1 compared with the 1.0% (0.7, 1.2%) of patients (33,922; 24,089- 41,015) and 20.3% (15.8-29.4%) of HCW observed to be nosocomially infected. The most effective interventions for prevention of nosocomial infections in patients were decreasing occupancy, increasing spacing between beds, and testing patients on admission, resulting in a reduction of 23,434 (14,544, 31,341), 10,979 (2,458, 16,979), and 9,505, (4588, 12,823) infections, respectively. Although every intervention had some impact, it was the collective impact of all interventions that demonstrated greatest effect, averting 140,603 (89,352, 197,977) infections in inpatients. In HCWs, the most effective intervention was universal mask use, with inclusion of universal masking as part of IPC measures averting 46.0% (42.9-54.5%) of infections in HCWs resulting in 17,980 (2,772-28,450) fewer infections per 100,000 patient-facing HCWs. Interventions introduced over wave 1 of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in England reduced HCW infection rates by 51.1% (43.6-55.3%).

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Occupational Transmission of Tuberculosis among Healthcare Workers in Zambia

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Namaunga Kasumu Chisompola ◽  
Kapambwe Mwape Kamanga ◽  
Pipina Vlahakis Matafwali
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Nosocomial Transmission ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Prolonged Contact ◽  
And Control

Healthcare workers (HCWs) play a critical role in the management and control of nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis (TB). At the same time, working in TB healthcare facilities such as hospital wards, diagnostic and treatment facilities increases the risk of acquiring TB due to occupational exposure in HCWs. The risk is further heightened in high TB prevalence populations, such as Zambia, as HCWs are exposed both occupationally and in the community. This review aims to provide a better understanding of the risk factors associated with occupational transmission of TB in HCWs in Zambia, by synthesising available data on TB in HCWs in Zambia and the surrounding region. A search of peer reviewed original research on the transmission of TB among HCWs in Zambia was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. Studies were eligible for inclusion in the analysis if they described TB amongst HCWs in Zambia, risk factors for TB in HCWs, and nosocomial transmission of TB in Zambia and the surrounding region. The prevalence of TB in HCWs has been demonstrated to be higher than that of the general population. Transmission of TB in healthcare facilities is driven by several factors centred on the lack of adherence to TB infection prevention and control (IPC) practices. Nosocomial transmission of TB in HCWs is further driven by the HIV epidemic and the rise in lifestyle diseases such as diabetes mellitus. However, there is very scarce data on the association of diabetes mellitus and TB among HCWs in Zambia. Prolonged contact with TB patients on wards has been demonstrated to play a vital role in occupational transmission of TB amongst nurses in Zambia. To curb the transmission of TB in HCWs several measures will require implementation such as; administrative support, IPC training and annual TB and HIV screening for all HCWs.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KEPATUHAN PERAWAT TERHADAP PENCEGAHAN DAN PENGENDALIAN INFEKSI DI RUMAH SAKIT MUHAMMADIYAH PALEMBANG

Masker Medika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-215
Author(s):  
Romiko Romiko
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Work Place ◽  
Narrative Form ◽  
Interactive Approach ◽  
And Control

Latar Belakang: Infeksi nosokomial sangat berpengaruh terhadap kondisi kesehatan pasien secara menyeluruh dan dapat meningkatkan morbiditas serta mortalitas. Kejadian infeksi nosokomial di Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Palembang masih banyak ditemukan, kepatuhan perawat dalam mencegah dan mengendalikan infeksi merupakan faktor yang sangat penting dalam pencegahan terjadinya infeksi nosokomial. Tujuan Penelitian: untuk menganalisis kepatuhan perawat terhadap pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi di Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Palembang serta determinanya. Metode Penelitian: Jenispenelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan interaktif. Sumber informan sebanyak tiga orang perawat pelaksana, tiga orang kepala ruang, dan satu orang perawat PPIRS. Pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam, studi dokumentasi dan observasi. Analisis diuraikan dalam bentuk deskriptif dan naratif. Hasil: hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa delapan kemampuan perawat dalam melakukan pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi nosokomial belum sesuai dengan aturan menurut WHO. Determinan dalam pelaksanaannya antara lain pendidikan perawat, lama bekerja, tempat tugas, kebutuhan SDM dan alat pendukung, kenyamanan terhadap fasilitas pendukung, pelatihan/sosialisasi, monitoring dan evaluasi serta koordinasi antar unit. Kesimpulan: kemampuan perawat dalam pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi nosokomial di RSMP masih belum optimal dan banyak hambatan dalam pelaksanaannya. Manajemen rumah sakit dan Tim PPI disarankan melakukan penyegaran kembali materi tentang PPI dan melakukan monitoring terhadap penerapan SPO PPI.     Background: Nosocomial infection is very influential on a patient's overall health condition and can increase morbidity and mortality. The incidence of nosocomial infections in Muhammadiyah Hospital Palembang is still widely found, nurses' adherence in preventing and controlling infections is a very important factor in preventing nosocomial infections. Research Objectives: to analyze nurses' adherence to infection prevention and control at Palembang Muhammadiyah Hospital and its determinants. Research Methods: This type of research is a qualitative research with an interactive approach. Informants were as many as three associate nurses, three head nurses, and one Infection Prevention Control Nurse (IPCN). Data collection through in-depth interviews, documentation studies and observations. The analysis is described in descriptive and narrative form. Results: The results showed that eight nurses' ability to prevent and control nosocomial infections was not in accordance with WHO regulations. Determinants in its implementation include nurse education, length of work, place of assignment, human resource needs and supporting tools, comfort of supporting facilities, training, monitoring and evaluation as well as coordination among units. Conclusion: the ability of nurses in the prevention and control of nosocomial infections in RSMP is still not optimal and there are many obstacles in their implementation. Hospital management and the IPC Team are advised to re-refresh the material on IPC and to monitor the implementation of IPC standard operational procedures.

scholarly journals Analysis of The Implementation of Nosocomial Infection Prevention and Control in Hospitals (A Literature Study)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Amira Mhuthia Adila ◽  
Nur Ramadhan ◽  
Puspa Nujulla ◽  
Putri Dwi Ardiyanti ◽  
Rina Oktavia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infection ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
And Control

Infections due to health services or Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI) or known as nosocomial infections are infections that occur in patients during treatment in hospitals or other health facilities. The prevention and control of nosocomial infections is a worldwide challenge. This study aims to examine the literature, articles, or journals of research results regarding the implementation of prevention and control of nosocomial infections in hospitals. The method used is a literature review with 10 journals that were reviewed and written from 2015 to 2020, or written in the last 6 years with the keywords "Analysis of the Implementation of Nosocomial Infection Prevention and Control". The results obtained are 8 journals that have obstacles such as lack of Human Resources (HR), insufficient funds and infrastructure, there are still many officers who have not taken action according to Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), many officers have not received training, there is no incentive for officers. , there is an unbalanced workload, the reporting system is not maximized, the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is not optimal, and cough etiquette has not been carried out by officers. So it is necessary to add things that must be met such as training of officers, completing the needs (facilities and infrastructure) for officers, providing sanctions for officers when violating (not taking actions according to SOPs), providing incentives for officers, and even giving rewards for officers who obey comply SOP, especially given strict supervision from the hospital so that officers and patients do not transmit their disease to each other or other people.

Infection Prevention and Control Lead Link Practitioner: a new deployed role piloted on Exercise SAIF SAREEA 3

2020 ◽  
Vol 166 (6) ◽  
pp. 411-413
Author(s):  
Siobhan I Davis ◽  
J S Biswas ◽  
S White
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Operational Effectiveness ◽  
Field Hospital ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Small Pool ◽  
And Control

Disease non-battle injury has plagued British expeditionary forces through the ages. While in recent years significant mortality has reduced, it has had a large impact on operational effectiveness, at times leading to closure of major medical treatment facilities (MTFs).Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) benefits from a subject matter expert and champion to ensure it remains at the front of people’s minds and to be on hand to manage acute and dynamic situations. To mitigate the lack of an IPC Nursing Officer, we piloted a deployed military IPC Lead Link Practitioner (IPC-LL) for the first time on a large-scale overseas exercise (SAIF SAREEA 3). An experienced generalist nurse deploying as the IPC-LL (after specific training) provided pre-deployment IPC education and preparation, deployed IPC advice, undertook mandatory audits and monitored IPC compliance throughout the MTFs on the exercise. Data from 22 IPC audits conducted on the exercise showed that the presence of the IPC-LL improved IPC compliance and standards overall in the MTF where based, compared with others. In addition, a gastroenteritis outbreak occurred and was successfully managed with significant input from the IPC-LL. The IPC-LL was also able to add value by pre-empting potential IPC problems from occurring.There is a small pool of deployable Infection Prevention and Control Nursing Officers, so this new IPC-LL role could help to fill the capability gap. The IPC-LL could be the dedicated person focusing on IPC elements, reducing the IPC risk within the deployed field hospital setting where deployed experts are not available.

Comparing the epidemiology of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone groups in Alberta, Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (10) ◽  
pp. 2184-2190 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. BRUZZESE ◽  
K. BUSH ◽  
J. LEAL ◽  
J. KIM ◽  
D. M. VICKERS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Acute Care ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Community Setting ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
And Control

SUMMARYPatients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones, which were traditionally seen in the community setting (USA400/CMRSA7 and USA300/CMRSA10), are often identified as hospital-acquired (HA) infections using Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) surveillance definitions. This study examined the demographics and healthcare risk factors of patients with HA-MRSA to help understand if community MRSA clones are from a source internal or external to the hospital setting. Despite USA300/CMRSA10 being the predominant clone in Alberta, hospital clones (USA100/CMRSA2) still dominated in the acute care setting. In the Alberta hospitalized population, patients with USA400/CMRSA7 and USA300/CMRSA10 clones were significantly younger, had fewer comorbidities, and a greater proportion had none or ambulatory care-only healthcare exposure. These findings suggest that there are two distinct populations of HA-MRSA patients, and the patients with USA400/CMRSA7 and USA300/CMRSA10 clones identified in hospital more greatly resemble patients affected by those clones in the community. It is possible that epidemiological assessment overidentifies HA acquisition of MRSA in patients unscreened for MRSA on admission to acute care.

scholarly journals Busca por modelos de organização do trabalho nos atendimentos primários de saúde do Brasil e de países internacionais no enfrentamento da Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-145
Author(s):  
Wellington Pereira Lopes ◽  
Ludmila Ichioka ◽  
Viviane Micheli Amaral ◽  
Glilciane Morceli ◽  
Marselle Nobre Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Transmission Characteristics ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control

No dia 11 de março de 2020 a Organização Mundial da Saúde declarou oficialmente a pandemia da Covid-19. Essa declaração se deu não pela gravidade da patologia, mas pelo grande poder de contágio do vírus causador da doença. Por esse motivo, todos os países se viram frente um novo desafio de saúde mundial tendo a necessidade de se organizar para enfrentar essa nova demanda por meio da criação de novos fluxos, monitoramento interno dos profissionais e pacientes, e monitoramento externo dos mesmos. Além disso, por se tratar de um vírus com novas características, diversas pesquisas foram publicadas em tempo real a pandemia trazendo novas informações uteis para o trabalho, por esse motivo, o projeto Safety  foi criado com intuito de captar essas novas publicações, avaliar e posteriormente, inserir essas informações no trabalho proporcionando novas ferramentas de enfrentamento de acordo com a aplicabilidade no Brasil. REZENDE, JM. À sombra do plátano: crônicas de história da medicina [online]. São Paulo: EditorUnifesp, 2009. As grandes epidemias da história. pp. 73-82. ISBN 978-85-61673-63-5. Available from SciELO Books http://books.scielo.org.   ZHU, D et al. Um novo coronavírus de paciente com pneumonia na China em 2019. The New England Journal of medicine. Disponível em: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa2001017, acessado dia 04/06/2020.   Organização Mundial da Saúde . Coronavírus Novel - China . Genebra, Suíça : Organização Mundial de Saúde , 12 de Janeiro de , 2020 . Https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/.   FREITAS, AR; NAPIMOGA, M; DONALISIO, MR. Análise da gravidade da pandemia de Covid-19.Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde,  Brasília ,  v. 29, n. 2,  e2020119,    2020 .   Available from <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S223796222020000200900&lng=en&nrm=iso>. access on  04  June  2020.  Epub Apr 06, 2020.  http://dx.doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742020000200008.   FILHO, JMJ et al . A saúde do trabalhador e o enfrentamento da COVID-19. Rev. bras. saúde ocup.,  São Paulo ,  v. 45,  e14,    2020 .   Available from <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S030376572020000100100&lng=en&nrm=iso>. access on  04  June  2020.  Epub Apr 17, 2020.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-6369ed0000120.   BRASIL. Ministério da saúde. Secretária de Vigilância em Saúde. Covid 19. 2020. https://covid.saude.gov.br/.   7.COFEN. Conselho Federal de Enfermagem. Registra 10 mil casos de Covid 19 entre profissionais de enfermagem. 2020. http://www.cofen.gov.br/cofen-registra-10-mil-casos-de-covid-19-entre-profissionais-de-enfermagem_79551.html.   CDC. Centro de Controle de Doenças Infecciosas. Divisão de Doenças Virais dos EUA. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/ambulatory-care-settings.html.   9.BRASIL Ministério da Saúde. Protocolo de Manejo Clínico do Coronavírus (Covid 19) Na Atenção Primária a Saúde Versão 8. Disponível em Abril 2020.  http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/portaldab/documentos/20200422_ProtocoloManejo_ver08.pdf.   PORTUGAL Direção Geral da Saúde. Abordagem do Doente com Suspeita ou Infeção por SARS-CoV-2. Norma nº 004/2020 de 23/03/2020 atualizada a 25/04/2020https://www.dgs.pt/directrizes-da-dgs/normas-e-circulares normativas/norma-n-0042020-de-23032020-pdf.aspx   ESPANHA Ministerio de Sanidad. Procedimiento de Actuación para los Servicios de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales frente a la Exposición AL SARS‐cov‐2. Junho, 2020.https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov-China/documentos/PrevencionRRLL_COVID-19.pdf   12.UK. Guidance Transmission Characteristics and Principles of Infection Prevention and Control. Public Health England. July 2020. https://w ww.gov.uk/government/publications/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-infection prevention-and-control/transmission-characteristics-and-principles-of-infection-prevention-and-control.   13. UK.  Reducing the risk of transmission of COVID-19 in the hospital setting. Public Health England. July 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-infection-prevention-and-control/reducing-the-risk-of-transmission-of-covid-19-in-the-hospital-setting

scholarly journals A systematic review and meta-synthesis of policy intervention characteristics that influence the implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting: implications for infection prevention and control

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
Sally M Havers ◽  
Elizabeth Kate Martin ◽  
Andrew Wilson ◽  
Lisa Hall
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Policy Intervention ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Background: Government-directed policy plays an important role in the regulation and supervision of healthcare quality. Effective implementation of these policies has the potential to significantly improve clinical practice and patient outcomes, including the prevention of healthcare-associated infections. A systematic review of research describing the implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting was performed with the aim to identify policy intervention characteristics that influence implementation. Methods: A systematic search of four electronic databases was undertaken to identify eligible articles published between 2007 and 2017. Studies were included if published in the English language and described the implementation of government-directed policy in a high-income country hospital setting. Data on policy and implementation were extracted for each article and interpretive syntheses performed. Results: A total of 925 articles were retrieved and titles and abstracts reviewed, with 69 articles included after review of abstract and full text. Qualitative synthesis of implementation data showed three overarching themes related to intervention characteristics associated with implementation: clarity; infrastructure; and alignment. Conclusion: Better understanding and consideration of policy intervention characteristics during development and planning will facilitate more effective implementation although research describing implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting is limited and of variable quality. The findings of this study provide guidance to staff tasked with the development or implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting, infection prevention and control professionals seeking to maximise the impact of policy on practice and improve patient outcomes.

scholarly journals Burden, risk assessment, surveillance and management of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health workers: a scoping review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Calò ◽  
Antonio Russo ◽  
Clarissa Camaioni ◽  
Stefania De Pascalis ◽  
Nicola Coppola
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Health workers (HWs) are at increased risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and a possible source of nosocomial transmission clusters. Despite the increased risk, the best surveillance strategy and management of exposed HWs are not yet well known. The aim of this review was to summarize and critically analyze the existing evidence related to this topic in order to support public health strategies aimed at protecting HWs in the hospital setting. Main text A comprehensive computerized literature research from 1 January 2020 up to 22 May 2020 was made to identify studies analyzing the burden of infection, risk assessment, surveillance and management of HWs exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Among 1623 citation identified using MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar and manual search, we included 43 studies, 14 webpages and 5 ongoing trials. Health workers have a high risk of acquiring infection while caring for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. In particular, some types exposures and their duration, as well as the inadequate or non-use of personal protective equipment (PPE) are associated with increased infection risk. Strict infection prevention and control procedures (IPC), adequate training programs on the appropriate use of PPE and close monitoring of HWs with symptom surveillance and testing are essential to significantly reduce the risk. At the moment there is not enough evidence to provide precise indications regarding pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Conclusions During the spread of COVID-19 outbreak, numerous published papers investigated the epidemiology, risk assessment and prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2. However, more high-quality studies are needed to provide valid recommendations for better management and for the clinical and microbiological surveillance of healthcare personnel.

Are Contact Precautions ethically justifiable in contemporary hospital care?

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 611-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Harris ◽  
Kenneth Walsh ◽  
Susan Dodds
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Hospital Infection ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infection ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
Alert Message ◽  
Hospital Infection Control ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
And Control

Hospital infection control practices known as Contact Precautions are recommended for the management of people with pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. Background: The patient is isolated, and staff are required to wear gloves, and a gown or apron when providing care. A notice is displayed to remind staff of these requirements and an ‘alert’ message is placed in the patient’s medical record. Objective: The aim of this article is to discuss and explore whether practices used in hospitals to reduce the transmission of endemic antibiotic-resistant organisms are ethically justified in today’s healthcare environment in the developed world. In order to do this, the history of the development of these practices is summarised, and the evidence base for their effectiveness is reviewed. Key bioethics principles are then discussed and contextualised from the perspective of hospital infection prevention and control, and an ethically superior model for the prevention and control of healthcare associated infection is proposed.

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