scholarly journals Effects of Fertilization On The Growth Dominance of Inland Northwest Forests of The United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cen Chen ◽  
Andrew S. Nelson ◽  
Terry Shaw ◽  
Mark Kimsey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Inland Northwest ◽  
Nutrition Study ◽  
Limited Moisture

Abstract Large trees have disproportionally large competitive advantage in access to light, which has been proposed to increase growth dominance of large trees (e.g., accounting for a larger proportion of growth than volume of a stand). Tree growth may also be limited by the availability of other resources besides light. Nutrient deficiency, especially of nitrogen, is considered common among temperate forests, including mixed-conifer forests of the Inland Northwest of the United States. Data from a long-term forest nutrition study across four Inland Northwest states were analyzed to evaluate nitrogen × potassium fertilization's effects on growth dominance over an eight-year period following treatment in a region of complex forest vegetation types and site conditions. Our results show that growth dominance varied substantially across similar plots in each fertilization treatment, and its mean values generally were at minuscule magnitudes, negative, and not significantly different from zero. We propose that this lack of a clear pattern in growth dominance was the result of the mixed-species composition where shade-tolerant species remained in lower crown positions, yet their relative growth kept pace with large trees. Limited moisture availability at dry sites may have hampered the development of growth dominance. Growth dominance also was lowered by mortality observed among relatively large trees. The largely negative growth dominance across fertilization treatments indicates that small trees maintained higher relative growth rates than large trees, even if absolute growth and size was concentrated in large trees. In the case fertilization does improve stand growth, a significant part of this improved growth will be lost in density-dependent mortality over time if not captured through biomass removals.

Money and Prices in the Nineteenth Century: An Old Debate Rejoined

1980 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Bordo ◽  
Anna J. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Price Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Output ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Prices ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Primary Products

In recent work, W. W. Rostow and W. A. Lewis have forcefully argued that real, not monetary, forces explain major periods of inflation and deflation in both the United States and Great Britain from 1797 to 1914. For them, changes in relative growth rates of agricultural and industrial output induce changes in the relative prices of major commodities and in the overall price level. A test of the substitutability of wheat for other primary products, 1870–1914, does not support the Rostow-Lewis theory.

Perceived Conduct and Professional Ethics among College Economics Faculty

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Laband ◽  
Michael J. Piette
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Professional Ethics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Present Survey ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Economics Faculty ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Shed Light

We present survey results that shed light on the perceived frequency and severity of 61 professional practices. Our findings, based on questionnaires completed by 728 academic economists in the United States, suggest that most of the practices that might be considered ethically suspect also are perceived to occur relatively infrequently. The mean values for the responses to our survey are significantly lower, in absolute terms, than those recorded by Mason et al. (1990), who conducted an almost identical survey in 1987 of marketing academicians. However, in relative terms the perceived severity of these practices is highly consistent between economics faculty and marketing faculty.

scholarly journals Geographical Characterization of Greenhouse Irrigation Water

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Argo ◽  
John A. Biernbaum ◽  
Darryl D. Warncke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Mean Values

Chemical analyses of 4306 randomly selected greenhouse water samples for 1995 from the United States and Canada were obtained from four analytical laboratories and graphically characterized using a distribution analysis. For pH, electro-conductivity (EC), and nutrient concentrations, a mean and median value and the percentage of samples with concentrations above or below those generally considered acceptable are presented for all samples and the 10 leading states in floricultural production. The median nutrient concentrations were more representative of the type of water found throughout the United States and Canada than that of the mean values because of the unequal distribution of the data. The overall median water source had a pH of 7.1; an EC of 0.4 dS·m−1; an alkalinity of CaCO3 at 130 mg·L−1; (in mg·L−1) 40 Ca, 11 Mg, 8 SO4−S, 13 Na, 14 Cl, 0.02 B, and <0.01 F; a Ca: Mg ratio of 3.2, and a sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of 0.7. The information presented characterizes irrigation water and may assist in developing more refined fertilizer recommendations for greenhouse crop production.

scholarly journals First Report of Alternanthera mosaic virus Infection in Angelonia in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 1473-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Lockhart ◽  
M. L. Daughtrey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Degenerate Primers ◽  
First Report

Stunting, chlorosis, and light yellow mottling resembling symptoms of nutrient deficiency were observed in angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia) in commercial production in New York. Numerous, filamentous particles 520 to 540 nm long and spherical virus particles 30 nm in diameter were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in negatively stained partially purified extracts of symptomatic Angelonia leaf tissue. Two viruses, the filamentous potexvirus Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) and the spherical carmovirus Angelonia flower break virus (AnFBV) were subsequently identified on the basis of nucleotide sequence analysis of amplicons generated by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using total RNA isolated from infected leaf tissue. A 584-bp portion of the replicase-encoding region of the AltMV genome was obtained with the degenerate primers Potex 2RC (5′-AGC ATR GNN SCR TCY TG-3′) and Potex 5 (5′-CAY CAR CAR GCM AAR GAT GA-3′) (3). Forward (AnFBV CP 1F-5′-AGC CTG GCA ATC TGC GTA CTG ATA-3′) and reverse (AnFBV CP 1R-5′-AAT ACC GCC CTC CTG TTT GGA AGT-3′) primers based on the published AnFBV genomic sequence (GenBank Accession No. NC_007733) were used to amplify a portion of the viral coat protein (CP) gene. The nucleotide sequence of the amplicon generated using the potexvirus-specific primers (GenBank Accession No. EU679362) was 99% identical to the published AltMV (GenBank Accession No. NC_007731) sequence and the nucleotide sequence of the amplicon obtained using the AnFBV CP primers was 99% identical to the published AnFBV genomic sequence (GenBank Accession No. EU679363). AnFBV occurs widely in angelonia (1) and AltMV has been identified in phlox (2). These data confirm the presence of AltMV and AnFBV in diseased angelonia plants showing stunting and nutrient deficiency-like symptoms and substantiates, to our knowledge, this first report of AltMV in angelonia in the United States. References: (1) S. Adkins et al. Phytopathology 96:460, 2006. (2) J. Hammond et al. Arch. Virol. 151:477, 2006. (3) R. A. A. van der Vlugt and M. Berendeson. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108:367, 2002.

scholarly journals Baseline Sensitivity of Ascochyta rabiei to Azoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, and Boscalid

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Wise ◽  
C. A. Bradley ◽  
J. S. Pasche ◽  
N. C. Gudmestad ◽  
F. M. Dugan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ascochyta Rabiei ◽  
Alternative Respiration ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Mean Values

Ascochyta rabiei, causal agent of Ascochyta blight on chickpea (Cicer arietinum), can cause severe yield loss in the United States. Growers rely on applications of fungicides with site-specific modes of action such as the quinone outside inhibiting (QoI) fungicides azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin, and the carboximide fungicide boscalid, to manage disease. In all, 51 isolates collected prior to QoI fungicide registration and 71 isolates collected prior to boscalid registration in the United States were tested in an in vitro assay to determine the effective fungicide concentration at which 50% of conidial germination was inhibited (EC50) for each isolate–fungicide combination. The effect of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) on conidia of A. rabiei in the presence and absence of azoxystrobin also was assessed to determine whether the fungus is capable of using alternative respiration. Five of nine A. rabiei isolates tested had significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) EC50 values when SHAM was not included in media amended with azoxystrobin, indicating that A. rabiei has the potential to use alternative respiration to overcome fungicide toxicity in vitro. EC50 values of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin ranged from 0.0182 to 0.0338 μg/ml and from 0.0012 to 0.0033 μg/ml, with mean values of 0.0272 and 0.0023 μg/ml, respectively. EC50 values of boscalid ranged from 0.0177 to 0.4960 μg/ml, with a mean of 0.1903 μg/ml. Establishment of these baselines is the first step in developing a monitoring program to determine whether shifts in sensitivity to these fungicides are occurring in the A. rabiei pathogen population.

Prevalence of anemia in persons 65 years and older in the United States: evidence for a high rate of unexplained anemia

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 2263-2268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Guralnik ◽  
Richard S. Eisenstaedt ◽  
Luigi Ferrucci ◽  
Harvey G. Klein ◽  
Richard C. Woodman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Chronic Renal Disease ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Anemia Of Chronic Disease ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Clinicians frequently identify anemia in their older patients, but national data on the prevalence and causes of anemia in this population in the United States have been unavailable. Data presented here are from the noninstitutionalized US population assessed in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Anemia was defined by World Health Organization criteria; causes of anemia included iron, folate, and B12 deficiencies, renal insufficiency, anemia of chronic inflammation (ACI), formerly termed anemia of chronic disease, and unexplained anemia (UA). ACI by definition required normal iron stores with low circulating iron (less than 60 μg/dL). After age 50 years, anemia prevalence rates rose rapidly, to a rate greater than 20% at age 85 and older. Overall, 11.0% of men and 10.2% of women 65 years and older were anemic. Of older persons with anemia, evidence of nutrient deficiency was present in one third, ACI or chronic renal disease or both was present in one third, and UA was present in one third. Most occurrences of anemia were mild; 2.8% of women and 1.6% of men had hemoglobin levels lower than 110 g/L (11 g/dL). Therefore, anemia is common, albeit not severe, in the older population, and a substantial proportion of anemia is of indeterminate cause. The impact of anemia on quality of life, recovery from illness, and functional abilities must be further investigated in older persons.

scholarly journals Effects of land management on large trees and carbon stocks

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 855-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Kauppi ◽  
R. A. Birdsey ◽  
Y. Pan ◽  
A. Ihalainen ◽  
P. Nöjd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stock Volume

Abstract. Large trees are important and unique organisms in forests, providing ecosystem services including carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere and long-term storage. Some reports have raised concerns about the global decline of large trees. Based on observations from two regions in Finland and three regions in the United States we report that trends of large trees during recent decades have been surprisingly variable among regions. In southern Finland, the growing stock volume of trees larger than 30 cm at breast height increased nearly five-fold during the second half of the 20th century, yet more recently ceased to expand. In the United States, large hardwood trees have become increasingly common in the Northeast since the 1950s, while large softwood trees declined until the mid 1990s as a consequence of harvests in the Pacific region, and then rebounded when harvesting there was reduced. We conclude that in the regions studied, the history of land use and forest management governs changes of the diameter-class distributions of tree populations. Large trees have significant benefits; for example, they can constitute a large proportion of the carbon stock and affect greatly the carbon density of forests. Large trees usually have deeper roots and long lifetimes. They affect forest structure and function and provide habitats for other species. An accumulating stock of large trees in existing forests may have negligible direct biophysical effects on climate through transpiration or forest albedo. Understanding changes in the demography of tree populations makes a contribution to estimating the past impact and future potential of forests in the global carbon budget and to assessing other ecosystem services of forests.

SEISMIC VELOCITY AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH AND GEOLOGIC TIME

Geophysics ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Y. Faust
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Velocity Data ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Definite Evidence ◽  
Geologic Time ◽  
The Mean

Velocity data are compiled from measurements of nearly 1,000,000 feet of section in 500 well surveys in the United States and Canada. Average velocities for shale and sandstone sections are arranged by depth and geologic age. Deviations from the mean values are attributed to lithologic variations. The variations of velocity with depth and time are studied independently in order to develop a quantitative relationship. It is concluded that the velocity for an average shale and sand section is given by the equation [Formula: see text], where V is velocity in feet per second, Z is depth in feet, and T is age in years. Velocities in limestone show less definite evidence of increase with age and depth.

scholarly journals Reuso de águas cinzas: estudo de caso da eficiência de dois tipos de filtros intermitentes de areia no tratamento de água cinza sintética

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. e33
Author(s):  
Taís Carolina de Oliveira Alcântara ◽  
Emerson Renato Maciel da Silva ◽  
Caio César Barbosa de Siqueira ◽  
Laryssa Barbosa Fernandes ◽  
Philip Terrence McCreanor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Gray Water ◽  
Group 2

Water is a renewable and limited resource, however its potability is an essential factor, since the increase of population in a disorderly way linked to the indiscriminate use of such a resource has posed a threat to the quality of it. In order to find simple, sustainable and low-cost solutions, several countries, such as the United States, Japan and someEuropean countries, have been studying viable ways to treat different types of effluents, especially the domestic ones, gaining visibility for gray water reuse. This work was realized in the United States, Macon - GA, and aimed to create two groups of intermittent sand filters in order to analyze their efficiency in the treatment of synthetic gray water,evaluating the chemical parameters of BOD and COD, and from the results verify the feasibility for non-potable urban reuse and encouraging, through the results, a promising type of study to be carried out in Brazil. The study presented satisfactory results regarding the analyzed chemical aspects, acting in the reduction of BOD and COD withefficiency above 90% for group 1 and above 80% for group 2, besides having effluent filters with mean values of BOD accordance with the legislation envisaged by the USEPA.

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