Distinct Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Arithmetic Procedures
Abstract Humans exhibit complex mathematical skills, often attributed to the exceptionally large neocortex. Using a neuropsychological approach, we report that degeneration within two subcortical structures, the basal ganglia and cerebellum, impairs performance in symbolic arithmetic. Moreover, we identify distinct computational impairments in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) or cerebellar degeneration (CD). The CD group exhibited a disproportionate cost when arithmetic sum increased, suggesting that the cerebellum is critical for iterative procedures required for calculations. The PD group exhibited a disproportionate cost for equations with an increasing number of addends, suggesting that the basal ganglia are critical for the coordination of multiple cognitive operations. In Experiment 2, the two patient groups exhibited intact practice gains for repeated equations at odds with an alternative hypothesis that these impairments were related to memory retrieval. Overall, the results provide a novel demonstration of the contribution of subcortical structures to the computations required for complex cognition.