Management Effectiveness Evaluation of World Cultural Landscape Heritage: Case From China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiami Zhou ◽  
Wenhui Wang ◽  
Jianqin Zhou ◽  
Zhuting Zhang ◽  
Zixian Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Evaluation Research ◽  
Management Effectiveness ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Landscape Heritage ◽  
Management Issues

Abstract World cultural landscape heritage (WCLH), recognized as combinations of cultural relic and natural landscape with outstanding significance and universal value, is unique in terms of differing from the human deliberate creativity of general cultural heritage and the "de-artificialization" of natural heritage. So far, the management of WCLH has become increasingly standardized. However, with the prevalence of heritage resources development activities like heritage tourism, the phenomenon of "urbanization", "commercialization", "artificialization" and other issues have gradually emerged in WCLH sites. Such that, the management issues of WCLH have turned increasingly serious, leading to intense concerns about unsustainable development of WCLH. Drawing inspirations from management effectiveness (ME) evaluation research of protected areas and acknowledging the uniqueness of WCLH, this study constructs a WCLH ME evaluation system of four general criteria (management foundation, management system, management measures and management performance), sixteen factors and thirty-four indicators. The evaluation system is applied and verified through an empirical study of five existing WCLH sites of China. The empirical results show that the ME of Chinese WCLH is at "good" level. Specifically, the management of Chinese WCLH is overall impressive in indicators of management planning making, heritage protection performance and economic performance, but shows deficiency in indicators of protection fee, management infrastructure, management assessment, management institution, social performance, etc. In the final, this study discusses the management issues of respective heritage sites so as to provide suggestions and inspirations for the development, protection and management of the sites and other cultural landscapes in China and even the world.

Understanding the Relationship between Component and Attribute of Cultural Landscapes: Case of Indian Music and Cultural Landscapes

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
Balaji Venkatachary ◽  
Vishakha Kawathekar
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
Peninsular India ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Systematic Understanding ◽  
The Relationship

The widely recognized definition of ‘Cultural Landscape’ in current practice is borrowed from UNESCO as Combined works of Nature and of Man.1 They are complex entities consisting of multiple layering of built-unbuilt components including intangible cultural aspects. These components are interrelated and interdependent. The landscape evolves together through combined natural and cultural processes. In current discourse and practice of heritage management, value-based assessment is a widely accepted approach. Evaluation of cultural landscapes for its Significance and Value is a complex process that requires an understanding of interwoven layers of components and attributes.2 Systematic understanding of such relationships between components and attributes is still in its infancy. Amongst various such identified intangible agencies, this study chooses to explore music. A study of secondary sources was undertaken. Cultural landscapes nominated as World Heritage Sites and identified Indian sites were systematically examined to understand various components and attributes. Using the indicators from this study and the theoretical framework of sociomusicology, a research design was prepared. Recognizing the historical association of music with the sites on the Kaveri river basin in peninsular India, a reconnaissance study was undertaken for onsite validation. Musical associations were spatially mapped for analysis and the findings are presented. Systematic understanding of the relationships between components of a cultural landscape and intangible cultural traditions is still in its infancy. The undertaken study is an exploratory work that focuses on understanding the relationship between components of a cultural landscape and ‘intangible attributes’, especially music. A study of secondary sources was undertaken in two parts. In the first part, concept of cultural landscape has been explored. Cultural landscapes nominated as World Heritage Sites were systematically examined to understand various components and attributes. The knowledge helped in formation of indicators for evaluation of cultural landscapes. In the second part of the study, selected case studies of Indian cultural landscapes were studies with the developed indicators. Musical traditions existing in these sites were theoretically reduced to basic components and mapped for analysis.

Cultural Landscape

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funda Varnaci Uzun ◽  
Mehmet Somuncu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Major Factors

The “cultural landscape” has been a fundamental concept in geography and was first defined as “landscape modified by human activity” by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel in 1890. It was introduced to American geography in the 1920s by Carl O. Sauer (American geographer). Since the 1960s, the concept has been widely used in human geography, anthropology, environmental management, and other related fields. One of the major factors that contributed to the recent popularity of its use, on a global scale, was the adoption of cultural landscapes in the International Convention for the World Heritage Convention by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1992. In this chapter, the basis of this concept, its emergence, and its relationships with other scientific disciplines, particularly geography, will be discussed. Moreover, the place of cultural landscapes within protected areas and UNESCO world heritage sites will be more specifically addressed.

scholarly journals Using open spatial data to investigate the importance of salmon streams in the Indigenous cultural landscapes of Southwest Alaska.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Lim ◽  
Gonzalo José Linares Matás
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Site Distribution ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Cultural Sites ◽  
Native Alaskans ◽  
History Of

The history of human activity in Southwest Alaska is inextricably linked to the exploitation of its many species of salmonid fish. Alaskan salmonids are anadromous, meaning they live most of their lives at sea, only to return to the river in which they were spawned to reproduce— this makes them a reliable seasonal resource in this environmentally marginal subarctic landscape. Salmonids form a major part of the subsistence lifestyle of modern Native Alaskans, and archaeological evidence suggests that their ancestors experienced population booms and cultural shifts coinciding with the adoption of mass fishing techniques. This was done primarily in response to climate changes, and to sustain burgeoning populations. Analyses of salmonid behavioural patterns are therefore crucial for understanding the lifeways of past peoples in Southwest Alaska. This work outlines a GIS-based methodology for processing an open spatial dataset— the Alaska Department of Fish and Game’s Anadromous Waters Catalog (AWC)— to make it suitable for use in archaeological and anthropological research. AWC shapefiles converted in this manner may be used to identify the most ecologically diverse (and, therefore, productive) anadromous waterways, and the relationship between heritage site distribution and salmon activity along the length of rivers. As a pilot study, we discuss the cultural landscape of the Yup’ik community of Quinhagak in the Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) Delta, and its two active salmon streams— the Agalig (Arolik) and Qanirtuuq (Kanektok) Rivers. There appears to be a strong relationship between the presence of cultural sites associated with fishing (both historic and archaeological) near the mouths of both rivers where the salmon runs begin (the “initial lower course”, or, “ILC”). It also highlights the importance of such rivers as highways to access non-salmonid resources further inland, including hunting and plant harvesting areas. This methodology has a strong potential for assisting in the survey and characterisation of heritage sites elsewhere in Southwest Alaska.

scholarly journals Cultural Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific: Re-focusing UNESCO Designation on Community Participation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
Wiwik Dharmiasih
Keyword(s):  
Community Participation ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Universal Values ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
Generational Transition

World Heritage Sites, designated by UNESCO, are a growing phenomenon in global governance. Sites are nominated for their Outstanding Universal Values with the objective of protecting against potential threats from man-made or natural causes. This article focuses on one type of recognition, the Cultural Landscape, which is unique because it is a living heritage site. Within Cultural Landscapes, people continue to carry out their lives and livelihoods as part of the site. The aim of this article is to examine the way community participation takes place in the designation of Cultural Landscapes. Findings highlight some ideas for researchers and policymakers to re-examine blind spots relative to community participation and offer some considerations for more meaningfully engaging local voices, particularly with respect to vulnerable populations and generational transition. Overall, research on Cultural Landscapes need not only examine what is being protected, but also must explore the new institutions being established, which can transform sites from within.

scholarly journals RESEARCH ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF HISTORIC PATTERNS OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND GEO-DATABASE: A CASE STUDY OF KULIANG IN FUZHOU, CHINA

2021 ◽  
Vol XLVI-M-1-2021 ◽  
pp. 409-414
Author(s):  
Y.-N. Lin ◽  
C. Yang ◽  
Y.-H. Ye ◽  
Z.-R. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Site Investigation ◽  
Landscape Patterns ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Landscape Heritage ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Geo Database

Abstract. Cultural landscapes are the result of the interactions between cultural and natural features over time. Historic research and site investigation are two conventional methods for identifying the transformation of cultural landscapes. Over the past few decades, with the massive development of computer and internet, technologies such as aerial photogrammetry, GPS and GIS provide new approaches for the study of landscape transformation. The aim of this research is to investigate and present the transformation of a cultural landscape using aerial photogrammetry and geo-database. Kuliang in Fuzhou, a former foreigners’ summer resort established by missionaries in 1886, was used as an instrumental case study. This research has identified historical mountain trails by superimposing historical maps and GPS-recorded tracks. Historic sites were found through a comparison of historical photos and low-altitude drone images. Drone-based orthophotos of the sites provide significant evidence for the restoration of the historical buildings. Furthermore, based on the integration of multiple sources of data in a geo-database, this research reveals Kuliang’s landscape patterns and their transformation over time. The conclusion shows that the use of aerial photogrammetry and geo-database can effectively integrate fragmented cultural landscape information, and identify the transformation of cultural landscape patterns, thereby providing significant references for landscape heritage restoration and sustainable development.

Cultural Landscape

2019 ◽  
pp. 203-229
Author(s):  
Funda Varnaci Uzun ◽  
Mehmet Somuncu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Major Factors

The “cultural landscape” has been a fundamental concept in geography and was first defined as “landscape modified by human activity” by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel in 1890. It was introduced to American geography in the 1920s by Carl O. Sauer (American geographer). Since the 1960s, the concept has been widely used in human geography, anthropology, environmental management, and other related fields. One of the major factors that contributed to the recent popularity of its use, on a global scale, was the adoption of cultural landscapes in the International Convention for the World Heritage Convention by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1992. In this chapter, the basis of this concept, its emergence, and its relationships with other scientific disciplines, particularly geography, will be discussed. Moreover, the place of cultural landscapes within protected areas and UNESCO world heritage sites will be more specifically addressed.

Dried Seafood Street

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Nicolson
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Eventual Loss ◽  
Business District

Case study 6: Dried Seafood Street is a popular commercial neighbourhood, specialising in selling a wide variety of dried seafood, tea, and herbal goods. Close to Hong Kong’s central business district and served by the iconic tramline, the cultural landscape comprises several blocks of colourful, bustling shops with distinctive sights, sounds, and smells. Historic urban districts in Hong Kong are vulnerable because land is scarce, property values are high, and the usual consequence of such economic forces is eventual loss of heritage sites to new development. However, for over a century the dried seafood businesses have survived several phases of urban renewal thanks to the Nam Pak Hong Association, a traders’ organisation, which has provided a degree of cohesion and stability that other commercial districts lack. The importance of conserving both the hardware and software of heritage sites is discussed. In the absence of conservation tools in Hong Kong to protect heritage urban cultural landscapes like Dried Seafood Street, land use zoning and financial incentives used elsewhere in Macau and Singapore are reviewed for comparison.

The Cultural Landscape

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Nicolson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
World Heritage List ◽  
The World ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
First Time

Cultural landscapes are the combined works of man and nature and it is only by studying this dynamic interaction that the essence of the resulting cultural landscapes can be fully appreciated and valued. Differences and similarities between western and eastern perceptions and artistic expressions of landscape are discussed to establish the cultural values that underpin our understanding and interpretation of the natural and built world. The way by which the cultural landscape concept attained international recognition as a more holistic approach to define and interpret heritage sites is outlined. World Heritage definitions of the different categories of cultural landscape, namely, designed, organically evolved, and associative, are described using examples inscribed on the World Heritage List. Examples of equivalent categories of cultural landscapes in Hong Kong are then presented to introduce the concept and, for the first time, highlight their heritage value.

USE OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPES AS A PART OF OPEN-AIR MUSEUMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
Brych M ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Holistic Perception ◽  
Museum Exhibition

In Ukraine, there is no holistic perception of historical and cultural environments of monumental ensembles and complexes as an object of protection and use today. Their preservation will be effective only when the understanding of the object of protection is extended to the boundaries of the cultural landscape, including all its valuable elements. The best way to implement this concept is to include cultural landscapes in the open-air museum exhibition as its integral, active, and living element.

PRINCIPLES OF FORMING OBJECTS OF ETHNOGRAPHIC TOURISM WITH REGIONAL FEATURES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BELGOROD REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Elena Ladik ◽  
A. Makridina
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Stylistic Unity ◽  
National Experience

The problems of planning the organization of territories and objects of ethnographic tourism, taking into account the landscape features of the regions of the Russian Federation, in particular the Belgorod region, are relevant. The study developed regional principles for planning ethno-tourist spaces on the example of the Belgorod region. The object of research is the territories favorable for the development of ethnographic tourism objects within the Belgorod region, the subject of research is the influence of regional historical and cultural features on the formation of ethnographic tourism territories. As a result of the study, based on the analysis of world and national experience in the design of ethnographic tourism objects, their typological and historical-cultural analysis, the principles of organizing ethnographic tourism objects were developed. These principles take into account such regional features of the cultural landscapes of the Belgorod region, as the principle of preservation of the cultural landscape, the principle of authenticity of the recreated environment, the principle of symbolic exposure, the principle of stylistic unity and the multi-level principle. The use of the developed principles will allow us to preserve the identity and originality of the environment, reduce anthropogenic pressures on valuable landscape areas, increase information content and determine the gradual immersion in the concept of a tourist site.

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