scholarly journals Determinants of Market Outlet Choices by Smallholder Chickpea Farmers in Estie District Amhara Region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chernet Worku Erkie ◽  
Marlign Adugna ◽  
Essa Chanie
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Multivariate Probit ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Multivariate Probit Model ◽  
Market Channel

Abstract In Ethiopia, chickpea is an important plus crop, particularly in Estie district. It is a source of food and provides cash income for majority of smallholder farmers. To commercialize chickpea producers, selecting an appropriate market channel is mandatory. However, selecting an appropriate market channel is not an easy task because there are different factors that affect market outlet choices in the district. Hence, this study aimed to identify factors that affecting chickpea market outlet choices. Both primary & secondary sources of data were used. A two-stage random sampling procedure was used and a total of 122 smallholder farmers were randomly and proportionally selected to collect primary data. Multivariate probit model was employed to identify factors affecting chickpea market outlet choices. The result shows that five major chickpea marketing channels were identified and among them wholesalers and retailers purchased about (61.84%) and (18.2%) respectively. The estimation result of multivariate probit model showed that the likelihood of sampled households to select collectors, consumers, retailers and wholesalers were 25.3%, 35.4%, 30.5% and 36%, respectively. The joint probability of success and failure to select all market outlets was 0.01537% and 13.4% respectively. It also indicated that sex of household, education status, family size, off-farm income, access to credit; lagged price and distance to market significantly affected the market channel choice decision of producers. Based on the findings, Government and concerned stakeholders need to focus more on enhancing accessibility of infrastructures facilities, strengthening credit access and improving yield through extension service to accelerate selecting appropriate market channel.

scholarly journals Determinants of Market Outlet Choices by Smallholder Chickpea Farmers in Estie District Amhara Region, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chernet Worku Erkie ◽  
Marlign Adugna ◽  
Essa Chanie
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Multivariate Probit ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Multivariate Probit Model ◽  
Market Channel

Abstract In Ethiopia, chickpea is an important plus crop, particularly in Estie district. It is a source of food and provides cash income for majority of smallholder farmers. To commercialize chickpea producers, selecting an appropriate market channel is mandatory. However, selecting an appropriate market channel is not an easy task because there are different factors that affect market outlet choices in the district. Hence, this study aimed to identify factors that affecting chickpea market outlet choices. Both primary & secondary sources of data were used. A two-stage random sampling procedure was used and a total of 122 smallholder farmers were randomly and proportionally selected to collect primary data. Multivariate probit model was employed to identify factors affecting chickpea market outlet choices. The result shows that five major chickpea marketing channels were identified and among them wholesalers and retailers purchased about (61.84%) and (18.2%) respectively. The estimation result of multivariate probit model showed that the likelihood of sampled households to select collectors, consumers, retailers and wholesalers were 25.3%, 35.4%, 30.5% and 36%, respectively. The joint probability of success and failure to select all market outlets was 0.01537% and 13.4% respectively. It also indicated that sex of household, education status, family size, off-farm income, access to credit; lagged price and distance to market significantly affected the market channel choice decision of producers. Based on the findings, Government and concerned stakeholders need to focus more on enhancing accessibility of infrastructures facilities, strengthening credit access and improving yield through extension service to accelerate selecting appropriate market channel.

scholarly journals Determinants of market outlet choices by smallholder teff farmers in Dera district, South Gondar Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia: a multivariate probit approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadie Mirie Abate ◽  
Taye Melese Mekie ◽  
Abebe Birara Dessie
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Multivariate Probit ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Multivariate Probit Model ◽  
Market Channel

Abstract In Ethiopia, teff is an important cereal crop, particularly in Dera district. It is a source of food and provides cash income for majority of smallholder farmers. To commercialize teff producers, selecting an appropriate market channel is mandatory. However, selecting an appropriate market channel is not an easy task because there are different factors that influence market outlet choices. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors that influence teff market outlet choices. A two-stage random sampling procedure was used and a total of 154 smallholder farmers were randomly and proportionally selected to collect primary data. Multivariate probit model was employed to identify factors affecting teff market outlet choices. The result of the study shows that the probability of teff producers to choose wholesaler, retailer, consumer and cooperative market outlets was 31.82%, 35.71%, 37.01% and 16.88%, respectively. This shows that consumer was the most likely chosen market outlet while cooperative was the less likely chosen market outlet. The joint probability of farmers to choose the four market outlets is (0.1%) lower than the likely of no choosing four market outlets (19.5%). The result of multivariate probit model revealed that age of household head, land size, quantity of teff produced, lagged price of teff, family size (AE), membership of cooperatives and distance to the nearest market were found to be statistically and significantly affecting the market outlet choice behavior of teff producers. This implies that improving the production capacity of farmers and invests on rural cooperatives would help smallholder farmers to choose the rewarding market outlet. Therefore, the study suggested that improving the existing production system, farmers relying on intensive cultivation; giving better price for farmers and being membership of cooperative are important strategies to select the appropriate market channel.

Determinants of Relevant Constraints Inhibiting Farmers’ Adoption of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in South Africa

2020 ◽  
pp. 002190962093483
Author(s):  
KT Thinda ◽  
AA Ogundeji ◽  
JA Belle ◽  
TO Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Multivariate Probit ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Multivariate Probit Model ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation Strategies

The adverse effects of climate change on agricultural productivity are on the increase. This study employed both descriptive statistics and the multivariate probit model to estimate factors constraining the adoption of climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in the study area. The empirical results of the multivariate probit model showed that a lack of knowledge of climate change constraints was influenced by smallholder farmers’ age, gender, off-farm activity, susceptibility and membership in farmer-based organizations. Thus, to improve the adaptive capacity of farmers, government and development partners should work together to improve the conditions under which farmers can gain access to climate change information and suitable agricultural credit as well as policy incentives aimed at lowering the stringent conditions of borrowing in the agricultural sector.

scholarly journals Households’ Decision to Participate in Cooperative Organizations: Evidence from Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Southern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Nsikak-Abasi A. Etim ◽  
Samuel P. Udolnyang ◽  
Elizabeth S. Ebukiba ◽  
Edet J. Udoh
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Farmer Organizations ◽  
Coefficient Of Concordance

Farmer organizations are effective mechanisms for increasing agricultural production, darners income and reducing poverty. Regrettably, farmers have not taken advantage of the lofty benefits accruable to those who voluntarily join these organizations. The study estimated the factors influencing households decision to participate in cooperative organizations and also tested the level of agreement among identified constraints linked with participation. Multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 120 farmers for the study. Primary data  were obtained using questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Probit model and Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. Results of analyses revealed that the mean age, years of educational attainment  household size and years of farming experience were 32, 15, 5 and 7 respectively. Result of probit analysis further indicate that age of the farmer, farm income, household size, participation in meeting, major decision maker, distance of farm to the nearest road and farmers social status were the most critical factors influencing households decision to participate in cooperative organizations. Result of Kendall’s coefficient of concordance revealed that there was 0.42 (moderate agreement) between the ranking of constraints associated with farmers' participation in cooperative organizations. Furthermore, findings showed that the top five factors limiting households’ decision to participate in cooperative organizations were inadequate capital accumulation, high embezzlement of funds, poor leadership, recurring internal crises and lack of initiative. Policies to provide good and accessible roads, increase farmers incomes and encourage youths are rational options that will enhance effective participation in cooperative organizations.

scholarly journals Commercialization of Teff production in West North Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habtamu Mossie ◽  
Dubale Abate ◽  
Eden Kasse
Keyword(s):  
Market Orientation ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Service Market ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Market Experience ◽  
Land Size

Abstract Background: Teff is only cereal crop Ethiopia’s in terms of production, acreage, and the number of farm holdings. It is one of the staples crops produced in the study area. However, the farm productivity, commercialization and level of intensity per hectare is low compared to the other cereals , Despite, smallholder farmers are not enough to participate in the teff market so the commercialization level is very low due to different factors. so, the study aimed to analyze determinants of smallholder farmer’s teff commercialization in west north, Ethiopia.Methods; A three-stage sampling procedure was used to take the sample respondents, 190 smallholder teff producers were selected to collect primary data through semi-structures questionnaires. Combinations of data analysis methods such as descriptive statistics and econometrics model (double hurdle) were used.Results: The average level of teff commercialization index of sampled Teff producers in the study area was 11.97%. The model result showed that the variables like age, gender, education, land size, variety, Teff market experience, distance to the nearest market, off-farm income, and credit were significantly affecting the market orientation of Teff production. Therefore, improving households’ market access, extension service, market orientation, education, and productivity of land (best agronomic practices) would enhance the commercialization level of smallholder Teff producers.

scholarly journals Interdependence of producers’ adoption decision of agronomic Practices in maize production; evidence from northwest Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abebe Birara Dessie ◽  
Tadie Mirie Abate ◽  
Taye Melese Mekie
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Multivariate Probit ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Multivariate Probit Model ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Agronomic Practices

Abstract Background: Ethiopia is one of the third largest maize producing country in Africa. In the country, maize is an essential cereal crop which produced by smallholder farmers both for consumption and commercial purpose. Nevertheless, inability to use most recent agricultural technologies marks low production and productivity of cereal crops in general and maize crop in particular in the study area. Therefore, this research was designed to assess adoption of latest agricultural practices on maize production in northwest Ethiopia. Methods: Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire administered on 385 maize producers’ selected using systematic random sampling technique. Combinations of data analysis methods such as descriptive statistics and multivariate probit model were used for analyzing the data. Result: The study revealed that four main latest agronomic practices such as inter-cropping, inter-row spacing; intra-row spacing and early planting were dominantly used for maize production in northwest Ethiopia. Likewise, the multivariate probit model result shows some policy relevant variables for instance age of household’s , sex, education status, land size allotted to maize, and Frequency of extension contact were significantly influenced their willingness to adopt and use modern agricultural practice in maize production. Conclusion: Generally, most maize producers were used various agronomic practice simultaneously as a best strategies for yield maximization, nutritional security, risk minimization and income diversification Therefore, based on the findings, the interdependency of producers’ decision to adopt and use latest agronomic practices in maize production should be develop through strengthening extension services, and providing intensive training both for producers and development agents. Keywords: Maize; adoption; agronomic practice; Producer; Ethiopia

scholarly journals Analysis of Climate Variability and Adaptive Strategies of Rural Household: The Case of Abobo District and Itang Special Districts, Gambella Region State, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
Mabiratu Dangia ◽  
Prem Kumar Dara
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Multivariate Probit ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Special District

Many low-income regions are largely affected by climate change impacts as a result of their relatively low adaptive capacity as pointed out by IPCC. Particularly, the change of climate has adverse implications to the Ethiopian economy with connection to different climatic parameters. The main objective of this study was to examine climate variability and its effect on rural households in Abobo District and Itang Special District. Both primary and secondary data were collected during the study. For this study, 240 HHs were interviewed from both Abobo District and Itang Special District while FDGs and KII were collected qualitatively. Relevant secondary data were also obtained from the National Meteorology Agency of Gambella station. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the characteristics of sample households and farmers' perception of climate variability. Moreover, multivariate probit model was employed to identify the determinants of smallholder farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies to climate variability. The result indicated that the major adaptation strategies applied by smallholder farmers in the study area including the use of improved crop varieties, adjusting the planting date, planting trees, crop diversification and using drought-resistant crop. Multivariate Probit model result shows that age, education, farm income, extension contact and access to credit significantly affect HHs choose of improved verity as adoption strategy; total land hold, farm income and extension contact significantly affect HHs choose of adjusting planting date tree as adoption strategy; farm income is the only factor significantly affect HHs choose of planting tree as adoption strategy; age, education, farm income and access to credit significantly affect HHs choose of crop diversification as adoption strategy and education and access to credit significantly affect HHs choose of improved verity as adoption strategy.

Perception to Adaptation of Climate Change in Nepal: An Empirical Analysis Using Multivariate Probit Model

Sci ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
GC ◽  
Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Multivariate Probit ◽  
Multivariate Probit Model ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Adaptation Options

This study assessed farmers’ perception of climate change, estimated the determinants of, and evaluated the relationship among adaptation practices using the multivariate probit model. A survey in 300 agricultural households was carried out covering 10 sample districts considering five agro-ecological zones and a vulnerability index. Four adaptation choices (change in planting date, crop variety, crop type and investment in irrigation) were deemed as outcome variables and socioeconomic, demographic, institutional, farm-level and perceptions variables were deployed as explanatory variables. Their marginal effects were determined for three climatic variables—temperature, precipitation and drought. Age, gender and education of head of household, credit access, farm area, rain-fed farming and tenure, are found to be more influential compared to other factors. All four adaptation-options are found to be complimentary to each other. Importantly, the intensity of impact of dependent variables in different models, and for available adaptation-options, are found to be unequal. Therefore, policy options and support facilities should be devised according to climatic variables and adaptation options to achieve superior results.

scholarly journals Disentangled Variational Autoencoder based Multi-Label Classification with Covariance-Aware Multivariate Probit Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junwen Bai ◽  
Shufeng Kong ◽  
Carla Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Probit Model ◽  
Representation Learning ◽  
Multivariate Probit ◽  
Multivariate Probit Model ◽  
Computational Sustainability ◽  
Variational Autoencoder ◽  
Label Correlations ◽  
Real World Datasets ◽  
Embedding Spaces

Multi-label classification is the challenging task of predicting the presence and absence of multiple targets, involving representation learning and label correlation modeling. We propose a novel framework for multi-label classification, Multivariate Probit Variational AutoEncoder (MPVAE), that effectively learns latent embedding spaces as well as label correlations. MPVAE learns and aligns two probabilistic embedding spaces for labels and features respectively. The decoder of MPVAE takes in the samples from the embedding spaces and models the joint distribution of output targets under a Multivariate Probit model by learning a shared covariance matrix. We show that MPVAE outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods on important computational sustainability applications as well as on other application domains, using public real-world datasets. MPVAE is further shown to remain robust under noisy settings. Lastly, we demonstrate the interpretability of the learned covariance by a case study on a bird observation dataset.

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