scholarly journals Genome-wide Investigation of Genetic Diversity in the Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus Gallinae, From European Farms Utilising a NGS-Multiplex Platform

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Karp-Tatham ◽  
Dong Xia ◽  
Alasdair J Nisbet ◽  
Teresa Letra Mateus ◽  
Fiona M. Tomley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Variant Calling ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Poultry Red Mite

Abstract The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae), an obligatory blood feeding ectoparasite, is primarily associated with egg laying hens where it is estimated to cause losses of ~€230 million per annum from European farmers. Current control strategies, including the use of acaricidal chemicals and desiccant dusts, are often ineffective and there is widespread resistance to acaricides across Europe. Alternative methods to control D. gallinae are urgently required and strategies include development of recombinant subunit vaccines and discovery of new potential acaricides. These strategies will benefit hugely from knowledge of the extent and rates of occurrence of genetic diversity within D. gallinae populations. In this study, genetic diversity of mites harvested from the UK and from sites across mainland Europe was studied at inter- and intra-farm levels. To achieve this, the genome analysis toolkit (GATK) best practices pipeline for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion/deletion variant calling was modified to be self-validating and used to identify 32,599 D. gallinae SNPs by comparing transcriptomic sequences (derived from mites harvested in Germany, Schicht et al.) with a D. gallinae genome assembly (derived from mites harvested in Scotland, Burgess et al.). Dermanyssus gallinae populations were sampled from 22 UK farms and 57 farms from 15 countries in mainland Europe. Analysis of 144 high-quality SNP markers across 117 pooled D. gallinae samples showed high spatial genetic diversity with significant linkage disequilibrium. Revisiting a subset of farms revealed notable temporal changes in genetic diversity.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis of The Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus Gallinae, Across All Stages of The Lifecycle.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Wan Chen ◽  
Richard Lloyd Mills ◽  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
Daniel Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
House Dust Mites ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Temporal Gene Expression

Abstract Background: The blood feeding poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, causes substantial economic damage to the egg laying industry worldwide, and is serious welfare concern for laying hens and poultry house workers. In this study we have investigated the temporal gene expression across the 6 stages/sexes (egg, larvae, protonymph and deutonymph, adult male and adult female) of this neglected parasite in order to understand the temporal expression associated with development, parasitic lifestyle, reproduction and allergen expression. Results: RNA-seq transcript data for the 6 stages was mapped to the PRM genome creating a publicly available gene expression atlas (on the OrcAE platform in conjunction with the PRM genome). Network analysis and clustering of stage-enriched gene expression in PRM resulted in 17 superclusters with stage-specific or multi-stage expression profiles. The 6 stage specific superclusters were clearly demarked from each other and the adult female supercluster contained the most stage specific transcripts (2,725), whilst the protonymph supercluster the fewest (165). Fifteen pairwise comparisons performed between the different stages resulting in a total of 6025 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) (P>0.99). These data were evaluated alongside a Venn/Euler analysis of the top 100 most abundant genes in each stage. An expanded set of cuticle proteins and enzymes (chitinase and metallacarboxypeptidases) were identified in larvae and underpin cuticle formation and ecdysis to the protonymph stage. Two mucin/peritrophic-A salivary proteins (DEGAL6771g00070, DEGAL6824g00220) were highly expressed in the blood-feeding stages, indicating peritrophic membrane formation during feeding. Reproduction-associated vitellogenins were the most abundant transcripts in adult females, whilst in adult males, an expanded set of serine and cysteine proteinases and an epididymal protein (DEGAL6668g00010) were highly abundant. Assessment of the expression patterns of putative homologues of 32 allergen groups described for the house dust mites indicated a bias in expression towards the non-feeding larval stage.Conclusions: This study is the first evaluation of temporal gene expression across all stages of PRM and has provided insight into developmental, feeding, reproduction and survival strategies employed by this mite. The publicly available PRM resource on OrcAE offers an invaluable tool for researchers investigating the biology and novel interventions of this parasite.

scholarly journals DERMANYSSUS GALLINAE - OVERVIEW: LIFE CYCLE, MORPHOLOGY, PREVALENCE AND CONTROL MEASURES IN POULTRY FARMS

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Slobodan Knežević ◽  
Marko Pajić ◽  
Aleksandra Petrović ◽  
Suzana Vidaković ◽  
Jelena Babić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Poultry Farms

Dermanyssus gallinae or the poultry red mite is currently the most im-portant ectoparasite aff ecting egg-laying hens in several countries causing reduced poultry welfare, mortality and even allergic reactions in poultry farms workers. Its short life cycle, which in optimal conditions can be com-pleted within 7 days, and ability to survive in extreme circumstances with-out a blood meal up to 13 months, and the ability to infest new fl ock, makes it even more diffi cult to eradicate. Dermanyssus gallinae prevalence rates in diff erent European countries, including Serbia, can reach up to 80-90%. Also, the poultry red mite is responsible in vector transmission of several bacterial and viral avian diseases, including Salmonella spp, Chlamydia spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Pasteurella multocida, Newcas-tle disease and Fowl poxvirus. Besides that, the poultry red mite can also transfer antimicrobial resistance genes by carrying pathogenic bacterial fl ora. Control of Dermanyssus gallinae can be divided into conventional and alternative methods. Conventional methods are mostly focused on pre-venting infestations and/or killing Dermanyssus gallinae, while alternative methods include the use of essential oils, vaccines, light, odors, predatory mites, fungi, nematodes and bacterial endosymbionts, and temperature in order to eliminate the poultry red mite. Nevertheless, this small ectopara-site still makes millions worth damage to global poultry industry.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic analysis of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, across all stages of the lifecycle

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Wan Chen ◽  
Richard I. Lloyd Mills ◽  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
Daniel R. G. Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
House Dust Mites ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Temporal Gene Expression

Abstract Background The blood feeding poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, causes substantial economic damage to the egg laying industry worldwide, and is a serious welfare concern for laying hens and poultry house workers. In this study we have investigated the temporal gene expression across the 6 stages/sexes (egg, larvae, protonymph and deutonymph, adult male and adult female) of this neglected parasite in order to understand the temporal expression associated with development, parasitic lifestyle, reproduction and allergen expression. Results RNA-seq transcript data for the 6 stages were mapped to the PRM genome creating a publicly available gene expression atlas (on the OrcAE platform in conjunction with the PRM genome). Network analysis and clustering of stage-enriched gene expression in PRM resulted in 17 superclusters with stage-specific or multi-stage expression profiles. The 6 stage specific superclusters were clearly demarked from each other and the adult female supercluster contained the most stage specific transcripts (2725), whilst the protonymph supercluster the fewest (165). Fifteen pairwise comparisons performed between the different stages resulted in a total of 6025 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) (P > 0.99). These data were evaluated alongside a Venn/Euler analysis of the top 100 most abundant genes in each stage. An expanded set of cuticle proteins and enzymes (chitinase and metallocarboxypeptidases) were identified in larvae and underpin cuticle formation and ecdysis to the protonymph stage. Two mucin/peritrophic-A salivary proteins (DEGAL6771g00070, DEGAL6824g00220) were highly expressed in the blood-feeding stages, indicating peritrophic membrane formation during feeding. Reproduction-associated vitellogenins were the most abundant transcripts in adult females whilst, in adult males, an expanded set of serine and cysteine proteinases and an epididymal protein (DEGAL6668g00010) were highly abundant. Assessment of the expression patterns of putative homologues of 32 allergen groups from house dust mites indicated a bias in their expression towards the non-feeding larval stage of PRM. Conclusions This study is the first evaluation of temporal gene expression across all stages of PRM and has provided insight into developmental, feeding, reproduction and survival strategies employed by this mite. The publicly available PRM resource on OrcAE offers a valuable tool for researchers investigating the biology and novel interventions of this parasite.

Low-temperature storage of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, facilitates laboratory colony maintenance and population growth

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (7) ◽  
pp. 740-746
Author(s):  
Chuanwen Wang ◽  
Xiaolin Xu ◽  
He Yu ◽  
Yu Huang ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Low Temperature Storage ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Temperature Storage

AbstractThe poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, is currently the most common ectoparasite affecting egg-laying hens. Since continuous culture of D. gallinae on birds is a biologically and economically costly endeavour, storage techniques for mites are urgently needed. Effects of temperature on adult and nymph survival were first studied to optimize storage conditions. Then, fecundity of D. gallinae was studied after mites were stored at optimal storage conditions. Results showed the survival rates of protonymphs (42.11%), deutonymphs (8.19%) and females (19.78%) at 5°C after 84 days were higher than those at 0, 25 and 30°C. Thereafter the fecundity and the capability of re-establishing colonies of D. gallinae were evaluated after they were stored for 40 and 80 days at 5°C. After storage, the mean number of eggs showed no statistical difference between treated (5°C for 40 or 80 days) and control groups (25°C for 7 days), while the hatching rates of eggs were in all cases above 97%. The dynamic changes of mite populations and egg numbers showed similar trends to the control group after the stored adult or nymph mites were fed on chicks. Dermanyssus gallinae can be successfully stored at 5°C for 80 days with no interference with the fecundity of mites, and the stored mites could re-establish colonies successfully. Adults and nymphs were two main stages with capability for low temperature storage. These results suggest that low temperature storage is a viable option for colony maintenance of D. gallinae under laboratory conditions.

scholarly journals An improved method for in vitro feeding of adult female Dermanyssus gallinae (poultry red mite) using Baudruche membrane (goldbeater’s skin)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
Jessica Baganz ◽  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Sarah Hall ◽  
Stewart Burgess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Polyester Mesh ◽  
In Vitro Feeding

Abstract Background Dermanyssus gallinae, or poultry red mite (PRM), is an important ectoparasite in laying hen, having a significant effect on animal welfare and potentially causing economic loss. Testing novel control compounds typically involves in vitro methodologies before in vivo assessments. Historically, in vitro methods have involved PRM feeding on hen blood through a membrane. The use of hen blood requires multiple procedures (bleeds) to provide sufficient material, and the use of a larger species (e.g. goose) could serve as a refinement in the use of animals in research. Methods The in vitro feeding device used was that which currently employs a Parafilm™ M membrane (Bartley et al.: Int J Parasitol. 45:819–830, 2015). Adult female PMR were used to investigate any differences in mite feeding, egg laying and mortality when fed goose or hen blood. Effects on these parameters when PRM were fed through either the Parafilm™ M membrane or the Baudruche membrane alone or through a combination of the membrane with an overlaid polyester mesh were tested using goose blood. Results Poultry red mites fed equally well on goose or hen blood through the Parafilm™ M membrane, and there were no significant differences in mortality of PRM fed with either blood type. A significant increase (t test: t = 3.467, df = 4, P = 0.03) in the number of eggs laid per fed mite was observed when goose blood was used. A 70% increase in PRM feeding was observed when the mites were fed on goose blood through a Baudruche membrane compared to when they were fed goose blood through the Parafilm™ M membrane. The addition of an overlaid polyester mesh did not improve feeding rates. A significant increase (analysis of variance: F(3, 20) = 3.193, P = 0.04) in PRM egg laying was observed in mites fed on goose blood through the Baudruche membrane compared to those fed goose blood through the Parafilm™ M membrane. A mean of 1.22 (standard error of the mean ± 0.04) eggs per fed mite was obtained using the Baudruche feeding device compared to only 0.87 (SEM ± 0.3) eggs per fed mite using the Parafilm™ M device when neither was combined with a polyester mesh overlay. Conclusion The in vitro feeding of adult female PRM can be readily facilitated through the use of goose blood in feeding devices with the Baudruche membrane.

scholarly journals Assessment of Fluralaner Treatment in Eliminating Dermanyssus Gallinae Infestation From Commercial Layer Farms, and the Potential for Derived Benefits of Improved Bird Welfare and Productivity.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Petersen ◽  
Katharina Johannhörster ◽  
Eric Pagot ◽  
Damian Escribano ◽  
Eva Zschiesche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Cell Counts

Abstract Background. Infestations with the poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, can result in anaemia, stress-related behaviours linked to reduced laying hen welfare, and impaired productivity. A study was conducted to investigate the potential welfare benefits of PRM elimination following fluralaner treatment.MethodsA single poultry house was selected on each of two layer farms, one free-range, one aviary, containing 5,400 Lohmann LSL hens and 42,400 Lohmann Brown hens, respectively. Fluralaner (Exzolt®; 0.5 mg/kg body weight) was administered twice, seven days apart (Weeks 0 and 1). Mite populations were regularly monitored by traps left in place for one to two days. Infra-red cameras monitored night-time hen behaviours weekly, beginning five weeks pre-treatment, continuing for five and six weeks post-treatment on the free-range and aviary farms, respectively. Weekly daytime behaviours were recorded on the free-range farm. On the aviary farm, blood samples were collected from 50 randomly selected hens during Weeks -3, -1 and 5. On the free-range farm, eggs were randomly collected for corticosterone analysis during Weeks -6, 0 and 6, and on the aviary farm during Weeks -3, -1 and 5. Production parameters were assessed using farm records.ResultsFluralaner efficacy on the free-range farm was >99% following the first administration, and on the aviary farm was 100% at Week 1 and at all subsequent mite counts. On both farms, treatment was followed by significant reductions in night-time preening, head scratching, head shaking, and activity, and on the aviary farm in vertical wing shaking and gentle feather pecking. On the free-range farm there were significant daytime reductions in head scratching, head shaking and preening. Post-treatment increases in egg and plasma corticosterone were suggestive of stress factors extra to mite infestation. Red blood cell counts and haematocrit increased following treatment. On the free range farm, relative to standard production parameters for LSL hens, the decline in laying rate with increasing bird age was less than expected, and the increase in egg weight greater than expected. ConclusionFluralaner treatment eliminated mite challenge, leading to improved hen welfare and health, based on reductions in stress-related behaviours, and restoration of the anaemia-inducing effects of mite blood feeding.

scholarly journals RNAi gene knockdown in the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer 1778), a tool for functional genomics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Chen ◽  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
Alan S. Bowman ◽  
Jeremy M. Sternberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Gene Knockdown ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Rnai Pathway ◽  
Poultry Red Mite

Background: The avian haematophagous ectoparasite, Dermanyssus gallinae or the poultry red mite, causes significant economic losses to the egg laying industry worldwide and also represents a significant welfare threat. Current acaricide-based controls are unsustainable due to the mite's ability to rapidly develop resistance, thus developing a novel sustainable means of control for D. gallinae is a priority. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated gene silencing is a valuable tool for studying gene function in non-model organisms, but is also emerging as a novel tool for parasite control.Methods: Here we use an in silico approach to identify core RNAi pathway genes in the recently sequenced D. gallinae genome. In addition we utilise an in vitro feeding device to deliver dsRNA to D. gallinae targeting the D. gallinae vATPase subunit A (Dg vATPase A) gene and monitor gene knockdown using quantitive PCR (qPCR). Results: We identified core components of the small interfering RNA (siRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA) pathways in D. gallinae, which indicate these gene silencing pathways are likely functional. Strikingly, the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway was absent in D. gallinae. In addition, we demonstrate that feeding Dg vATPase A dsRNA to adult female D. gallinae results in silencing of the targeted gene compared to control mites fed non-specific lacZ dsRNA. In D. gallinae, dsRNA mediated gene knockdown is rapid, detectable 24 hours after oral delivery of dsRNA and persisted for at least 120 hours. Conclusions: This study has shown the presence of core RNAi machinery components in the D. gallinae genome. In addition, we have developed a robust RNAi methodology for targeting genes in D. gallinae, which will be of value for studying genes of unknown function and validating potential control targets in D. gallinae.

scholarly journals A Rickettsiella endosymbiont is a potential source of essential B-vitamins for the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. G. Price ◽  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Damer P. Blake ◽  
Eleanor Karp-Tatham ◽  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Pathway Reconstruction ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Metabolic Pathway Reconstruction ◽  
B Vitamin

AbstractObligate blood-sucking arthropods rely on symbiotic bacteria to provision essential B vitamins that are either missing or at sub-optimal amounts in their nutritionally challenging blood diet. The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae, an obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite, is primarily associated with poultry and a serious threat to the hen egg industry. Thus far, the identity and biological role of nutrient provisioning bacterial mutualists from D. gallinae are little understood. Here, we demonstrate that a Rickettsiella Gammaproteobacteria in maternally transmitted in D. gallinae and universally present in D. gallinae mites collected at different sites throughout Europe. In addition, we report the genome sequence of uncultivable endosymbiont “Candidatus Rickettsiella rubrum” from D. gallinae eggs. The endosymbiont has a circular 1. 89 Mbp genome that encodes 1973 protein. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the placement R. rubrum within the Rickettsiella genus, closely related to a facultative endosymbiont from the pea aphid and Coxiella-like endosymbionts from blood feeding ticks. Analysis of the R. rubrum genome reveals many protein-coding sequences are either pseudogenized or lost, but R. rubrum has retained several B vitamin biosynthesis pathways, confirming the importance of these pathways in evolution of its nutritional symbiosis with D. gallinae. In silico metabolic pathway reconstruction revealed that R. rubrum is unable to synthesise protein amino acids and therefore these nutrients are likely provisioned by the host. In contrast R. rubrum retains biosynthetic pathways for B vitamins: thiamine (vitamin B1) via the salvage pathway; riboflavin (vitamin B2) and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and the cofactors: flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and coenzyme A (CoA) that likely provision these nutrients to the host. We propose that bacterial symbionts which are essential to blood-feeding arthropod survival provide attractive targets for the development of novel control methods.

scholarly journals A Rickettsiella Endosymbiont Is a Potential Source of Essential B-Vitamins for the Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus gallinae

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. G. Price ◽  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Damer P. Blake ◽  
Eleanor Karp-Tatham ◽  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Pathway Reconstruction ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
B Vitamin

Many obligate blood-sucking arthropods rely on symbiotic bacteria to provision essential B vitamins that are either missing or at sub-optimal levels in their nutritionally challenging blood diet. The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae, an obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite, is a serious threat to the hen egg industry. Poultry red mite infestation has a major impact on hen health and welfare and causes a significant reduction in both egg quality and production. Thus far, the identity and biological role of nutrient provisioning bacterial mutualists from D. gallinae are little understood. Here, we demonstrate that an obligate intracellular bacterium of the Rickettsiella genus is detected in D. gallinae mites collected from 63 sites (from 15 countries) across Europe. In addition, we report the genome sequence of Rickettsiella from D. gallinae (Rickettsiella – D. gallinae endosymbiont; Rickettsiella DGE). Rickettsiella DGE has a circular 1.89Mbp genome that encodes 1,973 proteins. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the placement of Rickettsiella DGE within the Rickettsiella genus, related to a facultative endosymbiont from the pea aphid and Coxiella-like endosymbionts (CLEs) from blood feeding ticks. Analysis of the Rickettsiella DGE genome reveals that many protein-coding sequences are either pseudogenized or lost, but Rickettsiella DGE has retained several B vitamin biosynthesis pathways, suggesting the importance of these pathways in evolution of a nutritional symbiosis with D. gallinae. In silico metabolic pathway reconstruction revealed that Rickettsiella DGE is unable to synthesize protein amino acids and, therefore, amino acids are potentially provisioned by the host. In contrast, Rickettsiella DGE retains biosynthetic pathways for B vitamins: thiamine (vitamin B1) via the salvage pathway; riboflavin (vitamin B2) and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and the cofactors: flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and coenzyme A (CoA) that likely provision these nutrients to the host.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Assembly of the Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus gallinae

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart T. G. Burgess ◽  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
Harry W. Wright ◽  
Margaret Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Assembly ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Gene Prediction ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Draft Genome Assembly ◽  
Long Read

The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, is a major worldwide concern in the egg-laying industry. Here, we report the first draft genome assembly and gene prediction of Dermanyssus gallinae, based on combined PacBio and MinION long-read de novo sequencing.

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