scholarly journals DERMANYSSUS GALLINAE - OVERVIEW: LIFE CYCLE, MORPHOLOGY, PREVALENCE AND CONTROL MEASURES IN POULTRY FARMS

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Slobodan Knežević ◽  
Marko Pajić ◽  
Aleksandra Petrović ◽  
Suzana Vidaković ◽  
Jelena Babić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Poultry Farms

Dermanyssus gallinae or the poultry red mite is currently the most im-portant ectoparasite aff ecting egg-laying hens in several countries causing reduced poultry welfare, mortality and even allergic reactions in poultry farms workers. Its short life cycle, which in optimal conditions can be com-pleted within 7 days, and ability to survive in extreme circumstances with-out a blood meal up to 13 months, and the ability to infest new fl ock, makes it even more diffi cult to eradicate. Dermanyssus gallinae prevalence rates in diff erent European countries, including Serbia, can reach up to 80-90%. Also, the poultry red mite is responsible in vector transmission of several bacterial and viral avian diseases, including Salmonella spp, Chlamydia spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Pasteurella multocida, Newcas-tle disease and Fowl poxvirus. Besides that, the poultry red mite can also transfer antimicrobial resistance genes by carrying pathogenic bacterial fl ora. Control of Dermanyssus gallinae can be divided into conventional and alternative methods. Conventional methods are mostly focused on pre-venting infestations and/or killing Dermanyssus gallinae, while alternative methods include the use of essential oils, vaccines, light, odors, predatory mites, fungi, nematodes and bacterial endosymbionts, and temperature in order to eliminate the poultry red mite. Nevertheless, this small ectopara-site still makes millions worth damage to global poultry industry.

scholarly journals Genome-wide Investigation of Genetic Diversity in the Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus Gallinae, From European Farms Utilising a NGS-Multiplex Platform

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Karp-Tatham ◽  
Dong Xia ◽  
Alasdair J Nisbet ◽  
Teresa Letra Mateus ◽  
Fiona M. Tomley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Variant Calling ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Poultry Red Mite

Abstract The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae), an obligatory blood feeding ectoparasite, is primarily associated with egg laying hens where it is estimated to cause losses of ~€230 million per annum from European farmers. Current control strategies, including the use of acaricidal chemicals and desiccant dusts, are often ineffective and there is widespread resistance to acaricides across Europe. Alternative methods to control D. gallinae are urgently required and strategies include development of recombinant subunit vaccines and discovery of new potential acaricides. These strategies will benefit hugely from knowledge of the extent and rates of occurrence of genetic diversity within D. gallinae populations. In this study, genetic diversity of mites harvested from the UK and from sites across mainland Europe was studied at inter- and intra-farm levels. To achieve this, the genome analysis toolkit (GATK) best practices pipeline for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion/deletion variant calling was modified to be self-validating and used to identify 32,599 D. gallinae SNPs by comparing transcriptomic sequences (derived from mites harvested in Germany, Schicht et al.) with a D. gallinae genome assembly (derived from mites harvested in Scotland, Burgess et al.). Dermanyssus gallinae populations were sampled from 22 UK farms and 57 farms from 15 countries in mainland Europe. Analysis of 144 high-quality SNP markers across 117 pooled D. gallinae samples showed high spatial genetic diversity with significant linkage disequilibrium. Revisiting a subset of farms revealed notable temporal changes in genetic diversity.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis of The Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus Gallinae, Across All Stages of The Lifecycle.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Wan Chen ◽  
Richard Lloyd Mills ◽  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
Daniel Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
House Dust Mites ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Temporal Gene Expression

Abstract Background: The blood feeding poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, causes substantial economic damage to the egg laying industry worldwide, and is serious welfare concern for laying hens and poultry house workers. In this study we have investigated the temporal gene expression across the 6 stages/sexes (egg, larvae, protonymph and deutonymph, adult male and adult female) of this neglected parasite in order to understand the temporal expression associated with development, parasitic lifestyle, reproduction and allergen expression. Results: RNA-seq transcript data for the 6 stages was mapped to the PRM genome creating a publicly available gene expression atlas (on the OrcAE platform in conjunction with the PRM genome). Network analysis and clustering of stage-enriched gene expression in PRM resulted in 17 superclusters with stage-specific or multi-stage expression profiles. The 6 stage specific superclusters were clearly demarked from each other and the adult female supercluster contained the most stage specific transcripts (2,725), whilst the protonymph supercluster the fewest (165). Fifteen pairwise comparisons performed between the different stages resulting in a total of 6025 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) (P>0.99). These data were evaluated alongside a Venn/Euler analysis of the top 100 most abundant genes in each stage. An expanded set of cuticle proteins and enzymes (chitinase and metallacarboxypeptidases) were identified in larvae and underpin cuticle formation and ecdysis to the protonymph stage. Two mucin/peritrophic-A salivary proteins (DEGAL6771g00070, DEGAL6824g00220) were highly expressed in the blood-feeding stages, indicating peritrophic membrane formation during feeding. Reproduction-associated vitellogenins were the most abundant transcripts in adult females, whilst in adult males, an expanded set of serine and cysteine proteinases and an epididymal protein (DEGAL6668g00010) were highly abundant. Assessment of the expression patterns of putative homologues of 32 allergen groups described for the house dust mites indicated a bias in expression towards the non-feeding larval stage.Conclusions: This study is the first evaluation of temporal gene expression across all stages of PRM and has provided insight into developmental, feeding, reproduction and survival strategies employed by this mite. The publicly available PRM resource on OrcAE offers an invaluable tool for researchers investigating the biology and novel interventions of this parasite.

scholarly journals Importance and Impact of the Poultry Red Mite (Dermanyssus Gallinae) in Layer Farms - Analysis of Farmers’ Perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Kjosevski ◽  
Danijela Horvatek Tomić ◽  
Aleksandar Dodovski
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Bayes Classifier ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, causes egg drop production, anemia and can be a vector in transmitting diseases. The PRM control mainly focuses on usage of the conventional chemical biocides. The objective of this study was to analyze the farmers’ perception regarding the impact, management and control of PRM in Macedonian layer farms. The data were collected with direct on-site visits using a unified questionnaire. In total, 29 poultry farms (28% of farms in the country), all with conventional cages, were part of this study. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and Naïve Bayes Classifier technique. In 30% of the poultry farms the farmers had observed that the flock was infested with PRM. In total, 32 different treatments against PRM were reported from the farmers, and three of them were non-biocide treatments. The most used biocides (17% of the farms) were crude oil, Formalin, Neopitroid® and disinfectants. The highest agreement regarding biocides application among the farms (38%) was before the production starts. Most of the farmers applied biocides routinely, before the infestation is evident (75%). The median costs for PRM treatment were 175€ per flock, higher in the infested farms 493±677€ compared to non - infested 100±71€, p<0.05. None of the Macedonian farmers included in the study was using monitoring method for PRM infestation, contributing to poor data records. This study highlights the need of developing unified strategy for PRM control included in the Integrated Pest Management in poultry layer farms.

Low-temperature storage of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, facilitates laboratory colony maintenance and population growth

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (7) ◽  
pp. 740-746
Author(s):  
Chuanwen Wang ◽  
Xiaolin Xu ◽  
He Yu ◽  
Yu Huang ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Low Temperature Storage ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Temperature Storage

AbstractThe poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, is currently the most common ectoparasite affecting egg-laying hens. Since continuous culture of D. gallinae on birds is a biologically and economically costly endeavour, storage techniques for mites are urgently needed. Effects of temperature on adult and nymph survival were first studied to optimize storage conditions. Then, fecundity of D. gallinae was studied after mites were stored at optimal storage conditions. Results showed the survival rates of protonymphs (42.11%), deutonymphs (8.19%) and females (19.78%) at 5°C after 84 days were higher than those at 0, 25 and 30°C. Thereafter the fecundity and the capability of re-establishing colonies of D. gallinae were evaluated after they were stored for 40 and 80 days at 5°C. After storage, the mean number of eggs showed no statistical difference between treated (5°C for 40 or 80 days) and control groups (25°C for 7 days), while the hatching rates of eggs were in all cases above 97%. The dynamic changes of mite populations and egg numbers showed similar trends to the control group after the stored adult or nymph mites were fed on chicks. Dermanyssus gallinae can be successfully stored at 5°C for 80 days with no interference with the fecundity of mites, and the stored mites could re-establish colonies successfully. Adults and nymphs were two main stages with capability for low temperature storage. These results suggest that low temperature storage is a viable option for colony maintenance of D. gallinae under laboratory conditions.

scholarly journals ECTOPARASITE SPECIES COMPOSITION AND SEASONAL DYNAMICS IN DOMESTIC FOWL IN THE KRASNODAR KRAI

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. K. Fomo ◽  
T. S. Katayeva
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Krasnodar Krai ◽  
Access System ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
Ectoparasite Fauna

One of the topical veterinary problems is infestation of domesticated chickens with ectoparasites. Permanent and temporary ectoparasites are vectors and reservoirs of more than 100 poultry infectious disease agents; they cause outbreaks of contagious diseases, thus decreasing performance and increasing economic losses. The results of ectoparasite fauna study in domesticated chickens in private backyards of the Krasnodar Krai are given. The research was carried out in 2017–2018 in 600 chickens of different breeds and ages in four settlements: Gorkhutor (250 chickens), Industrialny (150), Yuzhny (100) and Svyazist (100). The results of the analysis demonstrated that chickens were infested with the following ectoparasite species: shaft louse Menopon gallinae with the highest invasion extensity of 100% and average invasion intensity of 18.6 parasites; poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (55.7%) with average invasion intensity of 12.5 parasites; two species of scaly leg mites – Knemidocoptes mutans (17.7%) with average invasion intensity of 39.4 parasites; and Knemidocoptes gallinae (17.7%) with average invasion intensity of 35 parasites. Seasonal dynamics of fowl infestation with ectoparasites showed that shaft louse Menopon gallinae was found in spring, summer and autumn on all farms. Mites Dermanyssus gallinae were found more often in spring with maximum invasion extensity of 74.4%. The prevalence of scaly leg mites Knemidocoptes mutans and Knemidocoptes gallinae was as high as 76%. The results of the tests indicate that infestation of domesticated chickens with different species of ectoparasitres can be linked with bad hygiene practice and free access system, creating favourable and stable environment for them. That is why it is necessary to use scientifcally justifed control measures, involving modern insecticides and tools.

scholarly journals An improved method for in vitro feeding of adult female Dermanyssus gallinae (poultry red mite) using Baudruche membrane (goldbeater’s skin)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
Jessica Baganz ◽  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Sarah Hall ◽  
Stewart Burgess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Polyester Mesh ◽  
In Vitro Feeding

Abstract Background Dermanyssus gallinae, or poultry red mite (PRM), is an important ectoparasite in laying hen, having a significant effect on animal welfare and potentially causing economic loss. Testing novel control compounds typically involves in vitro methodologies before in vivo assessments. Historically, in vitro methods have involved PRM feeding on hen blood through a membrane. The use of hen blood requires multiple procedures (bleeds) to provide sufficient material, and the use of a larger species (e.g. goose) could serve as a refinement in the use of animals in research. Methods The in vitro feeding device used was that which currently employs a Parafilm™ M membrane (Bartley et al.: Int J Parasitol. 45:819–830, 2015). Adult female PMR were used to investigate any differences in mite feeding, egg laying and mortality when fed goose or hen blood. Effects on these parameters when PRM were fed through either the Parafilm™ M membrane or the Baudruche membrane alone or through a combination of the membrane with an overlaid polyester mesh were tested using goose blood. Results Poultry red mites fed equally well on goose or hen blood through the Parafilm™ M membrane, and there were no significant differences in mortality of PRM fed with either blood type. A significant increase (t test: t = 3.467, df = 4, P = 0.03) in the number of eggs laid per fed mite was observed when goose blood was used. A 70% increase in PRM feeding was observed when the mites were fed on goose blood through a Baudruche membrane compared to when they were fed goose blood through the Parafilm™ M membrane. The addition of an overlaid polyester mesh did not improve feeding rates. A significant increase (analysis of variance: F(3, 20) = 3.193, P = 0.04) in PRM egg laying was observed in mites fed on goose blood through the Baudruche membrane compared to those fed goose blood through the Parafilm™ M membrane. A mean of 1.22 (standard error of the mean ± 0.04) eggs per fed mite was obtained using the Baudruche feeding device compared to only 0.87 (SEM ± 0.3) eggs per fed mite using the Parafilm™ M device when neither was combined with a polyester mesh overlay. Conclusion The in vitro feeding of adult female PRM can be readily facilitated through the use of goose blood in feeding devices with the Baudruche membrane.

scholarly journals RNAi gene knockdown in the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer 1778), a tool for functional genomics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Chen ◽  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
Alan S. Bowman ◽  
Jeremy M. Sternberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Gene Knockdown ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Rnai Pathway ◽  
Poultry Red Mite

Background: The avian haematophagous ectoparasite, Dermanyssus gallinae or the poultry red mite, causes significant economic losses to the egg laying industry worldwide and also represents a significant welfare threat. Current acaricide-based controls are unsustainable due to the mite's ability to rapidly develop resistance, thus developing a novel sustainable means of control for D. gallinae is a priority. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated gene silencing is a valuable tool for studying gene function in non-model organisms, but is also emerging as a novel tool for parasite control.Methods: Here we use an in silico approach to identify core RNAi pathway genes in the recently sequenced D. gallinae genome. In addition we utilise an in vitro feeding device to deliver dsRNA to D. gallinae targeting the D. gallinae vATPase subunit A (Dg vATPase A) gene and monitor gene knockdown using quantitive PCR (qPCR). Results: We identified core components of the small interfering RNA (siRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA) pathways in D. gallinae, which indicate these gene silencing pathways are likely functional. Strikingly, the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway was absent in D. gallinae. In addition, we demonstrate that feeding Dg vATPase A dsRNA to adult female D. gallinae results in silencing of the targeted gene compared to control mites fed non-specific lacZ dsRNA. In D. gallinae, dsRNA mediated gene knockdown is rapid, detectable 24 hours after oral delivery of dsRNA and persisted for at least 120 hours. Conclusions: This study has shown the presence of core RNAi machinery components in the D. gallinae genome. In addition, we have developed a robust RNAi methodology for targeting genes in D. gallinae, which will be of value for studying genes of unknown function and validating potential control targets in D. gallinae.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Assembly of the Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus gallinae

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart T. G. Burgess ◽  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
Harry W. Wright ◽  
Margaret Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Assembly ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Gene Prediction ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Draft Genome Assembly ◽  
Long Read

The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, is a major worldwide concern in the egg-laying industry. Here, we report the first draft genome assembly and gene prediction of Dermanyssus gallinae, based on combined PacBio and MinION long-read de novo sequencing.

scholarly journals A Vaccinology Approach to the Identification and Characterization of Dermanyssus gallinae Candidate Protective Antigens for the Control of Poultry Red Mite Infestations

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Lima-Barbero ◽  
Marinela Contreras ◽  
Lourdes Mateos-Hernández ◽  
Francisco Mata-Lorenzo ◽  
Roxana Triguero-Ocaña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Control ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Protective Antigens ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Mite Infestations ◽  
Identification And Characterization

The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is a hematophagous ectoparasite considered as the major pest in the egg-laying industry. Its pesticide-based control is only partially successful and requires the development of new control interventions such as vaccines. In this study, we follow a vaccinology approach to identify PRM candidate protective antigens. Based on proteomic data from fed and unfed nymph and adult mites, we selected a novel PRM protein, calumenin (Deg-CALU), which is tested as a vaccine candidate on an on-hen trial. Rhipicephalus microplus Subolesin (Rhm-SUB) was chosen as a positive control. Deg-CALU and Rhm-SUB reduced the mite oviposition by 35 and 44%, respectively. These results support Deg-CALU and Rhm-SUB as candidate protective antigens for the PRM control.

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