Long-Term Trend of Polycyclic Aromatic 1 Hydrocarbon (PAH) Concentrations in Tokyo from 2007 to 2016: Effects of Changes in PAH Emissions and Degradation.

Abstract The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aerosol were measured in Shinjuku, which is central Tokyo, Japan, for 10 years from 2007 to 2016. The effects of changes in emission sources and their degradation by reaction with ozone were assessed in this study. There was no significant increasing or decreasing trend of the PAH concentrations during 10 years (P > 0.05). The average selected seven the PAH concentrations (0.88 ng m−3) during 10 years was lower than those in New York and Paris. However, the trend of ozone concentrations is increasing in central Tokyo. This inconsistency raises a question. Did the fact that the ozone concentration was higher than the PAH concentrations promote PAH degradation? To apportion the PAH sources, we used PAH concentration profiles and positive matrix factorization analysis. The contribution of vehicle emissions to the PAHs ranged from 40 to 80 %. Ozone concentrations increased by 3.70 %/year during 10 years. The theoretical degradation rates of PAHs by ozone, which were calculated using a pseudo-first-order rate equation, suggested that the lifetimes of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) decreased by 1 min from 2007 to 2016. We investigated the aging of BaP using the profile of the isomer ratios. We found that the aging of BaP at the urban and roadside sites were nearly identical indicating aging regardless of the season. Although the decomposition of BaP is promoted by the photochemical oxidation reaction, this result suggests that a certain threshold value exists as the degree of the decomposition. This degradation of PAH can improve chemical loss processes in air quality model.

Download Full-text

Potential regional air quality impacts of cannabis cultivation facilities in Denver, Colorado

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-19-13973-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (22) ◽

pp. 13973-13987 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chi-Tsan Wang ◽

Christine Wiedinmyer ◽

Kirsti Ashworth ◽

Peter C. Harley ◽

John Ortega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

The State ◽

Air Quality Model ◽

Quality Model ◽

Critical Data ◽

Ozone Concentrations ◽

Data Gaps ◽

Regional Air Quality ◽

Available Information ◽

New Industry

Abstract. The legal commercialization of cannabis for recreational and medical use has effectively created a new and almost unregulated cultivation industry. In 2018, within the Denver County limits, there were more than 600 registered cannabis cultivation facilities (CCFs) for recreational and medical use, mostly housed in commercial warehouses. Measurements have found concentrations of highly reactive terpenes from the headspace above cannabis plants that, when released in the atmosphere, could impact air quality. Here we developed the first emission inventory for cannabis emissions of terpenes. The range of possible emissions from these facilities was 66–657 t yr−1 of terpenes across the state of Colorado; half of the emissions are from Denver County. Our estimates are based on the best available information and highlight the critical data gaps needed to reduce uncertainties. These realizations of inventories were then used with a regulatory air quality model, developed by the state of Colorado to predict regional ozone impacts. It was found that most of the predicted changes occur in the vicinity of CCFs concentrated in Denver. An increase of 362 t yr−1 in terpene emissions in Denver County resulted in increases of up to 0.34 ppb in hourly ozone concentrations during the morning and 0.67 ppb at night. Model predictions indicate that in Denver County every 1000 t yr−1 increase in terpenes results in 1 ppb increase in daytime hourly ozone concentrations and a maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) increase of 0.3 ppb. The emission inventories developed here are highly uncertain, but highlight the need for more detailed cannabis and CCF data to fully understand the possible impacts of this new industry on regional air quality.

Download Full-text

Potential Regional Air Quality Impacts of Cannabis Cultivation Facilities in Denver, Colorado

10.5194/acp-2019-479 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chi-Tsan Wang ◽

Christine Wiedinmyer ◽

Kirsti Ashworth ◽

Peter C. Harley ◽

John Ortega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

The State ◽

Air Quality Model ◽

Quality Model ◽

Critical Data ◽

Ozone Concentrations ◽

Data Gaps ◽

Regional Air Quality ◽

Available Information ◽

New Industry

Abstract. The legal commercialization of cannabis for recreational and medical use has effectively created a new and almost unregulated cultivation industry. In 2018, within the Denver County limits, there were more than 600 registered cannabis cultivation facilities (CCFs) for recreational and medical use, mostly housed in commercial warehouses. Measurements have found concentrations of highly reactive terpenes from the headspace above cannabis plants that, when released in the atmosphere, could impact air quality. Here we developed the first emission inventory for cannabis emissions of terpenes. The range of possible emissions from these facilities was 66–657 metric tons/year of terpenes across the state of Colorado; half of the emissions are from Denver County. Our estimates are based on the best available information and highlight the critical data gaps needed to reduce uncertainties. These realizations of inventories were then used with a regulatory air quality model, developed by the State of Colorado to predict regional ozone impacts. It was found that most of the predicted changes occur in the vicinity of CCFs concentrated in Denver. An increase of 362 metric tons/year of terpene emissions in Denver County resulted in increases of up to 0.34 ppb in hourly ozone concentrations during the morning and 0.67 ppb at night. Model predictions indicate that in Denver County every 1,000 metric tons/year increase of terpenes results in 1 ppb increase in daytime hourly ozone concentrations and a maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) increase of 0.3 ppb. The emission inventories developed here are highly uncertain, but highlight the need for more detailed cannabis and CCFs data to fully understand the possible impacts of this new industry on regional air quality.

Download Full-text

The Impacts of Vehicle-to-Grid Technology on Mitigating High-Energy Demand Day Emissions in New York City

ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Volume 1 ◽

10.1115/es2009-90196 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Charles Ferdon ◽

Earl Foster ◽

Jonathan Acquaviva ◽

Shashank Rawat ◽

K. Max Zhang

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Air Quality ◽

Energy Demand ◽

High Energy ◽

Air Quality Model ◽

Quality Model ◽

Vehicle To Grid ◽

Electricity Rates ◽

York Metropolitan Area ◽

Revenue Models

In this report, a theoretical implementation of vehicle-to-grid power in the New York Metropolitan Area was evaluated with the goal of reducing peaking unit NOx emissions to comply with upcoming emissions limits on high energy demand days. In addition, the net cost of implementing this program was estimated using cost and revenue models based on available electricity rates and approximate battery cost. Finally, the improvement of air quality in some of the most populated areas of the NYMA was evaluated using the AERMOD air quality model from the EPA. By selectively offsetting the peaking units with the highest emissions rates, the average daily reduction was .25 tons at 1% penetration, 1.2 tons at 5% penetration, and 2.13 tons at 10% penetration. The implementation cost ranged from $315,000 to $9.5 million with different electricity rate structures and different penetration scenarios. Reduction of ambient particulate matter concentration was highly variable: the average reduction of all five population centers was negligible at 1% penetration, .83% at 5% penetration, and 1.42% at 10% penetration.

Download Full-text

The implementation of NEMS GFS Aerosol Component (NGAC) Version 2.0 for global multispecies forecasting at NOAA/NCEP: Part I Model Descriptions

10.5194/gmd-2017-306 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Jun Wang ◽

Partha S. Bhattacharjee ◽

Vijay Tallapragada ◽

Cheng-Hsuan Lu ◽

Shobha Kondragunta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Biomass Burning ◽

Air Quality Model ◽

Quality Model ◽

Emission Data ◽

Aerosol Component ◽

Nasa Goddard Space ◽

Satellite Sst ◽

Satellite Applications ◽

Version 2.0

Abstract. The NEMS GFS Aerosol component (NGAC) version 2.0 for global multi-species aerosol forecast has been developed at the National Centers of Environment Prediction (NCEP) in collaboration with the NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), and University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNYA). This paper describes the continuous development of the NGAC system at NCEP after the initial global dust-only forecast implementation (NGAC version 1.0). With version 2, additional sea salt, sulfate, organic carbon and black carbon aerosol species were included. The smoke emissions are from the NESDIS STAR's Global Biomass Burning Product (GBBEPx), blended from the global biomass burning emission product from a constellation of geostationary satellites (GBBEP-Geo) and GSFC's Quick Fire Emission Data Version 2 from a polar orbiting sensor (QFED2). This implementation advanced the global aerosol forecast capability and made a step forward toward developing a global aerosol data assimilation system. The aerosol products from this system have been used by many applications such as for regional air quality model lateral boundary conditions, satellite SST physical retrievals and the global solar insolation estimation. Positive impacts have been seen in these applications.

Download Full-text

LONG-TERM SIMULATIONS OF PARTICULATE MATTER OVER EUROPE WITH EMPHASIS ON NORTH-RHINE-WESTPHALIA WITH A COMPREHENSIVE AIR QUALITY MODEL SYSTEM

Journal of Aerosol Science ◽

10.1016/s0021-8502(19)30135-1 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. S767-S768

Author(s):

S. WURZLER ◽

J. GEIGER ◽

U. HARTMANN ◽

V. HOFFMANN ◽

U. PFEFFER ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Air Quality ◽

Model System ◽

Air Quality Model ◽

Quality Model

Download Full-text

The implementation of NEMS GFS Aerosol Component (NGAC) Version 2.0 for global multispecies forecasting at NOAA/NCEP – Part 1: Model descriptions

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-11-2315-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 2315-2332 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jun Wang ◽

Partha S. Bhattacharjee ◽

Vijay Tallapragada ◽

Cheng-Hsuan Lu ◽

Shobha Kondragunta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Biomass Burning ◽

State University ◽

Air Quality Model ◽

Quality Model ◽

Emission Data ◽

Aerosol Component ◽

Nasa Goddard Space ◽

Satellite Applications ◽

Version 2.0

Abstract. The NEMS GFS Aerosol Component Version 2.0 (NGACv2) for global multispecies aerosol forecast has been developed at the National Centers of Environment Prediction (NCEP) in collaboration with the NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), and the University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNYA). This paper describes the continuous development of the NGAC system at NCEP after the initial global dust-only forecast implementation (NGAC version 1.0, NGACv1). With NGACv2, additional sea salt, sulfate, organic carbon, and black carbon aerosol species were included. The smoke emissions are from the NESDIS STAR's Global Biomass Burning Product (GBBEPx), blended from the global biomass burning emission product from a constellation of geostationary satellites (GBBEP-Geo) and GSFC's Quick Fire Emission Data Version 2 from a polar-orbiting sensor (QFED2). This implementation advanced the global aerosol forecast capability and made a step forward toward developing a global aerosol data assimilation system. The aerosol products from this system have been used by many applications such as for regional air quality model lateral boundary conditions, satellite sea surface temperature (SST) physical retrievals, and the global solar insolation estimation. Positive impacts have been seen in these applications.

Download Full-text

436 Modeling the effect of weekday/weekend differences in vehicle emissions on ozone concentrations using air quality model (MM5/CMAQ)

The Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering ◽

10.1299/jsmeenv.2007.17.382 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2007.17 (0) ◽

pp. 382-385

Author(s):

Fumihisa Seto ◽

Akikazu Kaga ◽

Akira Kondo ◽

Yoshio Inoue ◽

Kundan Lal Shrestha

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Vehicle Emissions ◽

Air Quality Model ◽

Quality Model ◽

Ozone Concentrations

Download Full-text

Solar “brightening” impact on summer surface ozone between 1990 and 2010 in Europe – a model sensitivity study of the influence of the aerosol–radiation interactions

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-18-9741-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 9741-9765 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Emmanouil Oikonomakis ◽

Sebnem Aksoyoglu ◽

Martin Wild ◽

Giancarlo Ciarelli ◽

Urs Baltensperger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Surface Ozone ◽

Biogenic Emissions ◽

Base Case ◽

Air Quality Model ◽

Quality Model ◽

Ozone Concentrations ◽

Photolysis Rates ◽

Ozone Trends ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Surface solar radiation (SSR) observations have indicated an increasing trend in Europe since the mid-1980s, referred to as solar “brightening”. In this study, we used the regional air quality model, CAMx (Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions) to simulate and quantify, with various sensitivity runs (where the year 2010 served as the base case), the effects of increased radiation between 1990 and 2010 on photolysis rates (with the PHOT1, PHOT2 and PHOT3 scenarios, which represented the radiation in 1990) and biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions (with the BIO scenario, which represented the biogenic emissions in 1990), and their consequent impacts on summer surface ozone concentrations over Europe between 1990 and 2010. The PHOT1 and PHOT2 scenarios examined the effect of doubling and tripling the anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations, respectively, while the PHOT3 investigated the impact of an increase in just the sulfate concentrations by a factor of 3.4 (as in 1990), applied only to the calculation of photolysis rates. In the BIO scenario, we reduced the 2010 SSR by 3 % (keeping plant cover and temperature the same), recalculated the biogenic emissions and repeated the base case simulations with the new biogenic emissions. The impact on photolysis rates for all three scenarios was an increase (in 2010 compared to 1990) of 3–6 % which resulted in daytime (10:00–18:00 Local Mean Time – LMT) mean surface ozone differences of 0.2–0.7 ppb (0.5–1.5 %), with the largest hourly difference rising as high as 4–8 ppb (10–16 %). The effect of changes in BVOC emissions on daytime mean surface ozone was much smaller (up to 0.08 ppb, ∼ 0.2 %), as isoprene and terpene (monoterpene and sesquiterpene) emissions increased only by 2.5–3 and 0.7 %, respectively. Overall, the impact of the SSR changes on surface ozone was greater via the effects on photolysis rates compared to the effects on BVOC emissions, and the sensitivity test of their combined impact (the combination of PHOT3 and BIO is denoted as the COMBO scenario) showed nearly additive effects. In addition, all the sensitivity runs were repeated on a second base case with increased NOx emissions to account for any potential underestimation of modeled ozone production; the results did not change significantly in magnitude, but the spatial coverage of the effects was profoundly extended. Finally, the role of the aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI) changes in the European summer surface ozone trends was suggested to be more important when comparing to the order of magnitude of the ozone trends instead of the total ozone concentrations, indicating a potential partial damping of the effects of ozone precursor emissions' reduction.

Download Full-text

Air pollution near arterial roads: An experimental and modelling study

10.5194/acp-2017-753 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

José Ignacio Huertas Cardozo ◽

Daniel Fernando Prato Sánchez

Keyword(s):

Particle Concentration ◽

Beta Function ◽

Pollutant Dispersion ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Air Quality Model ◽

Quality Model ◽

The Road ◽

Pm10 And Pm2.5 ◽

Flat Shape

Abstract. Aiming to advance in the understanding of pollutant dispersion near arterial roads, we measured, simultaneously, meteorological parameters, emission mass rates and TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations at several locations downwind two roads, located on a flat region without any other source of pollutants. We also implemented on a state of the art commercial CFD software, an air quality model to simulate the dispersion of solid and gas-phase pollutants emitted from arterial roads. Numerical results of long-term averages and daily measurements of particle concentration showed high correlation with experimental measurements (R2 > 0.76). We found that the plots of pollutants concentration vs distance to the road edge describe a unique curve when expressed in terms of non-dimensional numbers and that this curve is well described by a beta function. Profiles of vertical concentration sketch an exponential function at the road edge, an S shape downwind and a flat shape far from the road. Particles exhibit a Rosin Rambler size distribution with average diameter of ~ 7 μm. This distribution remains unaltered downwind from the road, which implies that at any location, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations are a constant fraction of TPS concentration. Experimental data confirmed this observation. Previous results can be used to determine the size of the area impacted by roads, identify mitigating and adaptive countermeasures, and to improve the accuracy of vehicular emission factors.

Download Full-text