Differentiation and Changes of Household Electricity Prices in EU Countries

The paper’s main purpose is to identify the differentiation and variation of electricity prices for households in EU countries. The specific objectives are to highlight the directions and differentiation of price changes in EU states, determine the degree of volatility (or stability) of electricity rates, and establish the correlation between electricity prices for household consumers and economic and energy parameters. All members of the European Union were chosen for this project as of 31 December 2019 (28 countries). The analyzed period covered the years 2008–2019. The source of collected information was the thematic literature review and the data from Eurostat. Descriptive, tabular and graphical methods, constant-based dynamics indicators, coefficient of variation, Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were used to analyze and present the materials. It was determined that higher electricity prices for households in the EU states were associated with better economic parameters. Developed countries must have higher energy rates because they will ensure energy transformation, i.e., implementing energy-saving technologies. In the EU, electricity prices for household consumers showed little volatility, but that variability increased in line with the surge of the volume of household energy consumption.

State Response, Community Development, and Covid-19

Almost all countries in the world are being hit by the Covid-19 pandemic, including Indonesia. The Indonesian government is trying to take steps to improve the welfare of its people in the midst of this pandemic situation. This paper aims to analyze how the state responds to the impact of Covid-19 and how community development is being carried out in the face of Covid-19. This paper uses descriptive qualitative research with literature study methods related to government policies for the welfare of the community in the Covid-19 pandemic which is associated with the state response and the community development process in Indonesia. The results of this study show that the state's response is through issuing health protocol regulations, providing assistance to reduce electricity rates, distributing basic foodstuffs, and cash. The state also improves emergency response mechanisms, conducts outreach, involves the community, conducts tracing intensively. The state also faces obstacles, however input from the public and global organizations is used as evaluation material which makes further response increases. Meanwhile, community development in dealing with Covid-19 is carried out through active and sustainable community strengthening based on the principles of social justice, cooperation and participation from the community in making it happen. Keywords: State Response; Community Development; Covid-19

Energy Management Systems for Grid-Connected Houses with Solar PV and Battery by Considering Flat and Time-of-Use Electricity Rates

This paper develops new practical rule-based energy management systems (EMSs) for typical grid-connected houses with solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery by considering different rates for purchasing and selling electricity. The EMSs are developed to supply the household’s loads and reduce operating costs of the system based on different options of flat and time-of-use (ToU) rates for buying and selling electricity prices. Four different options are evaluated and compared in this study: (1) Flat-Flat, (2) ToU-Flat, (3) Flat-ToU, and (4) ToU-ToU. The operation cost is calculated based on the electricity exchange with the main grid, the equivalent cost of PV generation, as well as the degradation cost of battery storage. The operation of the grid-connected house with rooftop solar PV and battery is evaluated for a sunny week in summer and a cloudy week in winter to investigate the proper performance for high and low generations of PV. While the developed rule-based EMS are generic and can be applied for any case studies, a grid-connected house in Australia is examined. For this purpose, real data of solar radiation, air temperature, electricity consumption, and electricity rates are used. It is found that the ToU-Flat option has the lowest operating cost for the customers.

Powering racial capitalism: Electricity, rate-making, and the uneven energy geographies of Atlanta

In this paper, I bring together scholarship on racial capitalism and critical energy studies to investigate how electrification contributes to racialized uneven development. I work toward a theory of racialized electricity capital as a state-supported circuit of accumulation through corporate provision of electricity, which is basic need essential to everyday life. I develop a case study of the electrification of Atlanta, Georgia to examine the historical–geographical formation of the relationship between the city’s electric utility, Georgia Power, and the state agency that regulates the Company, the Georgia Public Service Commission. I ask how regulation functioned simultaneously to expand and differentiate electricity consumption across Atlanta and in so doing reinforce a racialized labor hierarchy and unequal access to affordable electricity. This case study emphasizes the importance of analyzing the central role of the state in allowing and perpetrating systems of energy provision that create racialized and gendered poverty. Drawing from the most recent hearings regulating electricity rates before the Commission in 2019, I bring to the fore the work of energy equity activists leading a campaign to Fight the Hike who enact demands for racial justice and a democratic energy system.

Optimal Sizing of Rooftop PV and Battery Storage for Grid-Connected Houses Considering Flat and Time-of-Use Electricity Rates

This paper investigates a comparative study for practical optimal sizing of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) for grid-connected houses (GCHs) by considering flat and time-of-use (TOU) electricity rate options. Two system configurations, PV only and PV-BESS, were optimally sized by minimizing the net present cost of electricity for four options of electricity rates. A practical model was developed by considering grid constraints, daily supply of charge of electricity, salvation value and degradation of PV and BESS, actual annual data of load and solar, and current market price of components. A rule-based energy management system was examined for GCHs to control the power flow among PV, BESS, load, and grid. Various sensitivity analyses are presented to examine the impacts of grid constraint and electricity rates on the cost of electricity and the sizes of the components. Although the capacity optimization model is generally developed for any case study, a grid-connected house in Australia is considered as the case system in this paper. It is found that the TOU-Flat option for the PV-BESS configuration achieved the lowest NPC compared to other configuration and options. The optimal capacities of rooftop PV and BESS were obtained as 9 kW and 6 kWh, respectively, for the PV-BESS configuration with TOU-Flat according to two performance metrices: net present cost and cost of electricity.

Commercializing Innovation In Residential Energy Retrofits In Toronto: A Case Study Involving Gemeni NTED®

Retrofitting Canada’s existing housing stock to increase energy efficiency of dwellings is an opportunity to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Gemini Nested Thermal Envelope Design (NTED®) is an innovative building retrofit that drastically reduces energy consumption. However, this innovation’s potential can only be realized once it has achieved widespread market acceptance. Using Gemini NTED® as a case study, an innovation commercialization model was applied to energy retrofits to aid in establishing an appropriate commercialization strategy for Toronto. Market research conducted within this study identified external factors affecting commercialization, barriers to innovation adoption and competitive forces affecting profitability. Economic valuation evaluated discounted monetary savings from reduced energy consumption. Results show that the retrofit market is moderately attractive and conducive to earning profits. Results related to Gemini NTED® show that Gemini may have commercialization potential for retrofitting older electrically heated homes especially in Canadian provinces with high electricity rates. Results arising from a soon to be completed Gemini NTED® pilot will confirm capital costs and economic benefit.

Commercializing Innovation In Residential Energy Retrofits In Toronto: A Case Study Involving Gemeni NTED®

Retrofitting Canada’s existing housing stock to increase energy efficiency of dwellings is an opportunity to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Gemini Nested Thermal Envelope Design (NTED®) is an innovative building retrofit that drastically reduces energy consumption. However, this innovation’s potential can only be realized once it has achieved widespread market acceptance. Using Gemini NTED® as a case study, an innovation commercialization model was applied to energy retrofits to aid in establishing an appropriate commercialization strategy for Toronto. Market research conducted within this study identified external factors affecting commercialization, barriers to innovation adoption and competitive forces affecting profitability. Economic valuation evaluated discounted monetary savings from reduced energy consumption. Results show that the retrofit market is moderately attractive and conducive to earning profits. Results related to Gemini NTED® show that Gemini may have commercialization potential for retrofitting older electrically heated homes especially in Canadian provinces with high electricity rates. Results arising from a soon to be completed Gemini NTED® pilot will confirm capital costs and economic benefit.

Alat Pengukur Deviasi pada KWH Meter 3 Fasa berbasis PZEM 0047 dan Flame Sensor

In the maintenance of Measuring and Limiting Devices (APP) by replacing the kWh Meter on the old kWh meter, as well as P2TL efforts to examine customers who have the potential to commit violations or lack of billing in adjusting electricity rates. In this operation an error / deviation check will be performed on the kWh meter to determine the feasibility of the kWh meter. So far, the measurement of deviation on the kWh Meter 3 Phase is done manually so that it is considered less effective. With this deviation gauge kwh meter 3 phase measurement, meter change officers and P2TL field officers will be able to help in measuring the deviation in the 3 phase kWh meter. This tool reads the power of the kWh meter through the display of the led impulse indicator, then compares it with the power measurement using the metering module at the same time so that the deviation can be detected whether more or less from the meter class, because the measurement standards are based on the meter class. The results obtained from testing on a kWh meter with a grade of 0.5, obtained a deviation of less than 0.5 percent, which means the kWh meter is good because it is still awake in its class according to SPLN No.96 of 1993.Keywords: Deviation, Kwh Meter, Maintaining APP, P2TL