scholarly journals Reduced Risk of Serious Pneumococcal Infection Up to 10 Years After 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Arthritis Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Nagel ◽  
Göran Jönsson ◽  
Jan-Åke Nilsson ◽  
Chanchai Manuswin ◽  
Martin Englund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Relative Risk Reduction ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Serious Infections ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background: To examine rates of serious pneumococcal infections up to 10 years after vaccination with 7-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7) in patients with arthritis compared to non-vaccinated arthritis patients.Methods: In total, 595 adult arthritis patients (rheumatoid arthritis; RA=342, 80% women and spondylarthropathy; SpA=253, 45% women) received one dose of PCV7. Mean age/disease duration were 62/16 and 51/14 years, respectively. For each patient, 4 matched reference subjects were identified.At vaccination, 420 patients received bDMARDs (anti-TNF=330, tocilizumab=15, abatacept=18, anakinra=1, rituximab=56). Methotrexate was given as monotherapy (n=86) or in combination with bDMARD (n=220). 89 SpA patients received NSAIDs without DMARD. The Skåne Healthcare Register was searched for ICD-10 diagnostic codes for pneumococcal infections (pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, septicemia, meningitis, septic arthritis) between January 2000 and December 2018. Frequency of infections after vs before vaccination were calculated (relative risks). Relative risk ratio (RRR) and relative risk reduction (1-RRR) were calculated comparing patients vs non-vaccinated references. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression were used to investigate time to first event and predictors of infections.Results: Among vaccinated RA and SpA patients, there was a significant relative risk reduction of pneumonia and all serious infections; 53% and 46%, respectively. There was no significant difference in time to first pneumonia or all serious infections after vaccination between patients and references. Higher age, RA diagnosis and concomitant prednisolone were associated with infections.Conclusion: One dose of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine may decrease risk of serious pneumococcal infection up to 10 years in patients with arthritis receiving immunomodulating treatment. Clinical trial registration number: EudraCT EU 2007-006539-29 and NCT 00828997

Prevention ofStreptococcus pneumoniae(pneumococcal) infections in adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (50) ◽  
pp. 1996-2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endre Ludwig ◽  
Zsófia Mészner
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
One Year

Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are still meaning a serious health problem, about 40% of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is due to pneumococcal bacteria in adults requiring hospitalization. The incidence and mortality rate of pneumococcal infections is increasing in the population above 50 years of age. Certain congenital and acquired immunocompromised conditions make the individual susceptible for pneumococcal infection and other chronic comorbidities should be considered as a risk factor as well, such as liver and renal diseases, COPD, diabetes mellitus. Lethality of severe pneumococcal infections with bacteraemia still remains about 12% despite adequate antimicrobial therapy in the past 60 years. Underestimation of pneumococcal infections is mainly due to the low sensitivity of diagnostic tools and underuse of bacteriological laboratory confirmation methods. 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) became available recently beyond the 23-valent polysacharide vaccine (PPV-23) which has been using for a long time.The indication and proper administration of the two vaccines are based on international recommendations and vaccination guideline published by National Centre for Epidemiology (NCE):Pneumococcal vaccination is recommended for: Every person above 50 years of age. Patients of all ages with chronic diseases who are susceptible for severe pneumococcal infections: respiratory (COPD), heart, renal, liver disease, diabetes, or patients under immunsuppressive treatment. Smokers regardless of age and comorbidities. Cochlear implants, cranial-injured patients. Patients with asplenia.Recommendation for administration of the two different vaccines:Adults who have not been immunized previously against pneumococcal disease must be vaccinated with a dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine first. This protection could be extended with administration of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine at least two month later. Adults who have been immunized previously, but above 65 years of age, with a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine are recommended to get one dose of conjugate vaccine at least one year later. Adults who have been immunized previously, but under 65 years of age, with a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine are recommended to get one dose of conjugate vaccine at least one year later. After a minimal interval of two months one dose of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended if at least 5 years have elapsed since their previous PPSV23 dose. Vaccination of immuncompromised patients (malignancy, transplantation, etc.) and patients with asplenia should be defined by vaccinology specialists. Pneumococcal vaccines may be administered concommitantly or any interval with other vaccines. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(50), 1996–2004.

scholarly journals Efficacy of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthcare workers

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
L A Shpagina ◽  
O S Kotova ◽  
I S Shpagin ◽  
E M Loktin ◽  
A A Rukavitsyna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Care Department

Aim. To establish the efficacy of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for healthcare workers protection from occupational acquired infection and impact of healthcare staff vaccination on the risk of transmission to patients. Materials and methods. Healthcare personnel (n=157 of whom 105 critical care department staff) and 1770 patients of that critical care department observed. Healthcare workers received PCV13. Infections caused by Str. pneumoniae, respiratory infections regardless of etiology, work absenteeism in healthcare workers during 12 month before and after vaccination assessed. In the same time monitoring of hospital-acquired infections in patients of critical care department performed. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 24, relationships were assessed by rate ratio, Cox regression, logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier estimator. Results. Healthcare workers' vaccine coverage in critical care department was 97.2%. In healthcare personnel the rate of all pneumococcal infections, asymptomatic carriage of Str. pneumoniae and respiratory pneumococcal infections were decreased after vaccination by 2.1, 2.2 and 2.1 times accordingly. The rate of respiratory infections regardless of etiology was decreased by 30%, р

scholarly journals Modern Approaches to Vaccinal Prevention of a Pneumococcal Infection in Adults Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (Literature Review)

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
J. A. Paramonova ◽  
L. B. Postnikova ◽  
M. P. Kostinov ◽  
A. A. Tarasova ◽  
V. A. Pogrebetzkaya
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

At present, pneumococcal infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world, being one of the ten leading causes of death worldwide. Some medical conditions, like  diabetes mellitus (DM) are associated with an increased risk of  pneumococcal infections and vaccination was calculated to be highly  cost-effective among those adults with an increased risk. The article  analyzes world data on pneumococcal infection morbidity rate among diabetes mellitus patients and possible ways of reducing it through  immunization. In December 2011, the Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) licensed 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)  for prevention of pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in  adults aged ≥ 50 years. However, the efficacy of PCV in individuals  with specific comorbidities is yet unknown. The article presents the  findings of research which investigated the efficacy of  antipneumococcal vaccination among diabetes mellitus patients. It  also gives data of first-hand experience of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use (Prevenar 13, Pfizer).

Lipid Management with Statins in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1714-1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian K Irons ◽  
Lisa A Kroon
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Relative Risk Reduction ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Coronary Event ◽  
Lipid Management ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To provide an update on lipid management and recent modifications in cholesterol guidelines for use of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), specifically in patients with diabetes. DATA SOURCES: Studies and guidelines were identified through a MEDLINE search (1996–April 2005). STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Studies were selected for review if the primary treatment intervention was a statin, at least 4% of the study population held a diagnosis of diabetes, and diabetes subgroup analysis was available. DATA SYNTHESIS: The Heart Protection Study demonstrated an approximately 25% relative risk reduction of a first coronary event in patients with diabetes, a reduction similar to those without diabetes. In subjects with diabetes, a significant reduction in coronary events was noted regardless of the baseline cholesterol level. The Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study demonstrated a 37% relative risk reduction in the primary prevention of cardiovascular morbidity in patients with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the current literature, a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level <100 mg/dL remains an appropriate goal for patients with diabetes in the absence of established cardiovascular disease. For higher-risk patients, such as those with diabetes and a history of cardiovascular disease, a more stringent LDL-C goal of <70 mg/dL is an option according to current clinical trial evidence. At least a 30–40% reduction in the LDL-C level is advisable when initiating statin therapy.

Change in Bacterial Causes of Community-Acquired Parapneumonic Effusion and Pleural Empyema in Children 6 Years After 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Implementation

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 474-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad Madhi ◽  
Corinne Levy ◽  
Laurence Morin ◽  
Philippe Minodier ◽  
François Dubos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Pleural Empyema ◽  
Parapneumonic Effusion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A

AbstractWe describe here changes in the bacterial causes of pleural empyema before and after implementation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) program in France (2009–2017). For 220 (39.3%) of 560 children, a bacterial cause was found. The frequency of pneumococcal infection decreased during the study from 79.1% in 2009 to 36.4% in 2017 (P < .001). Group A streptococcus is now the leading cause of documented empyema (45.5%).

scholarly journals Assignment of Weight-Based Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 Units in Antipneumococcal Reference Serum Lot 89-S(F) for Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Serotypes 1, 4, 5, 7F, 9V, and 18C

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Sikkema ◽  
Nancy A. Ziembiec ◽  
Thomas R. Jones ◽  
Stephen W. Hildreth ◽  
Dace V. Madore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharides ◽  
Standardization Method ◽  
Igg2 Antibody ◽  
Reference Serum

ABSTRACT Weight-based assignments for immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 subclass antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides (PnPs) in antipneumococcal standard reference serum lot 89-S (lot 89-S), also known as lot 89-SF, have been determined for serotypes 1, 4, 5, 7F, 9V, and 18C. This extends the usefulness of lot 89-S beyond the IgG1 and IgG2 subclass assignments for serotypes 3, 6B, 14, 19F, and 23F made previously (A. Soininen, H. Kayhty, I. Seppala, and T. Wuorimaa, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 5:561-566, 1998) to cover 11 major serotypes associated with the highest percentage of pneumococcal disease worldwide. A method of equivalence of absorbances in enzyme immunosorbent assays was used to determine the IgG1 and IgG2 antibody concentrations for the additional serotypes in lot 89-S, based on the subclass values previously assigned for PnPs serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F. This cross-standardization method assures consistency with previous antibody assignments in that reference serum. The newly assigned subclass values for serotype 9V, and previously assigned values for serotype 14, were used to quantitate PnPs antibodies in sera from adult and pediatric subjects immunized with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. There was a predominance of IgG1 anti-PnPs antibodies in pediatric sera and IgG2 anti-PnPs antibodies in the adult sera. The IgG1 and IgG2 subclass assignments for the 11 PnPs serotypes in antipneumococcal standard reference serum lot 89-S are useful for quantitating and characterizing immune responses to pneumococcal infection and vaccination regimens.

scholarly journals A Review of Pneumococcal Vaccines: Current Polysaccharide Vaccine Recommendations and Future Protein Antigens

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin C. Daniels ◽  
P. David Rogers ◽  
Chasity M. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccines ◽  
Protein Antigens ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Serotype Replacement ◽  
Vaccine Recommendations ◽  
Vaccine Antigens

This review describes development of currently available pneumococcal vaccines, provides summary tables of current pneumococcal vaccine recommendations in children and adults, and describes new potential vaccine antigens in the pipeline. Streptococcus pneumoniae, the bacteria responsible for pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and bacteremia, remains a cause of morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Introductions of unconjugated and conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines have each reduced the rate of pneumococcal infections caused by the organism S. pneumoniae. The first vaccine developed, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), protected adults and children older than 2 years of age against invasive disease caused by the 23 capsular serotypes contained in the vaccine. Because PPSV23 did not elicit a protective immune response in children younger than 2 years of age, the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) containing seven of the most common serotypes from PPSV23 in pediatric invasive disease was developed for use in children younger than 2 years of age. The last vaccine to be developed, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), contains the seven serotypes in PCV7, five additional serotypes from PPSV23, and a new serotype not contained in PPSV23 or PCV7. Serotype replacement with virulent strains that are not contained in the polysaccharide vaccines has been observed after vaccine implementation and stresses the need for continued research into novel vaccine antigens. We describe eight potential protein antigens that are in the pipeline for new pneumococcal vaccines.

Absolute v relative risk reduction

BMJ ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 341 (nov16 4) ◽  
pp. c6333-c6333
Author(s):  
P. E. Norman
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Relative Risk Reduction
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