scholarly journals Matching physical properties of food and tools in three populations of wild capuchin monkeys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Falótico ◽  
Tatiane Valença ◽  
Michele Verderane ◽  
Mariana Fogaça
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
The Body ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Behavioral Variability ◽  
Morphological Adaptations

Abstract Robust capuchin monkeys (Sapajus) are known for accessing mechanically challenging food. Although presenting morphological adaptations to do so, several populations go beyond the body limitations, using tools, mainly stone tools, to expand their food range. Those populations are diverse, some using stones more widely than others. We know stone tool size correlates with the target's resistance within some populations, but we have no detailed comparisons between populations so far. This study described and compared general environmental data, food’s physical properties, and stone tools features on three populations of bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus), including a new site. The differences we observed regarding stone tool use between the new site (CVNP) and the previously studied ones could be partially explained by ecological factors, such as the raw material and resource availability. However, other differences appear to be more related to behavioral traditions, such as the processing of Hymenaea at CVNP, where the monkeys use bigger stones than other populations to process the same kind of food, which present similar physical properties between sites. Possible cultural differences need to be compared within a larger number of areas to better understand capuchin monkey behavioral variability.

Stone Tools: Their Relevance for Historians and the Study of Historical Processes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Pargeter
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Behavioral Variability ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Social Environmental

From at least 3.4 million years ago to historic periods, humans and their ancestors used stone as the raw material for tool production. Archeologists find stone tools on all the planet’s habitable landmasses, even in its cold and ecologically sparse Arctic regions. Their ubiquity and durability inform archeologists about important dimensions of human behavioral variability. Stone tools’ durability also gives them the ability to contribute to the study of long-term historical processes and the deeper regularities and continuities underlying processes of change. Over the last two millennia as ceramics, livestock, European goods, and eventually Europeans themselves arrived in southern Africa, stone tools remained. As social, environmental, economic, and organizational upheavals buffeted African hunter-gatherers, they used stone tools to persist in often marginal landscapes. Indigenous Africans’ persistence in the environment of their evolutionary origins is due in large part to these “small things forgotten.” Stone tools and their broader contexts of use provide one important piece of information to address some of archaeology and history’s “big issues,” such as resilience in small-scale societies, questions of human mobility and migrations, and the interactions of humans with their environments. Yet, stone tools differ in important ways from the technologies historians are likely to be familiar with, such as ceramics and metallurgy, in being reductive. While ceramics are made by adding and manipulating clay-like substances, stone tools are made by removing material through the actions of grinding, pecking, or fracture. Metals sit somewhere in between ceramics and stone: they can be made through the reduction of ores, but they can also be made through additive processes when one includes recycling of old metals. Stone-tool technologies can also be more easily and independently reinvented than these other technologies. These distinctions, along with the details of stone tool production and use, hold significance for historians wishing to investigate the role of technology in social organization, economy, consumption, contact, and cultural change.

scholarly journals Basic Principles of Selecting Stone Raw Materials in Tool Production in the Industry of Chagyrskaya Peshchera

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
K. A. Kolobova ◽  
S. V. Markin ◽  
A. V. Shalagina ◽  
S. V. Schnaider ◽  
A. I. Krivoshapkin
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Secondary Treatment ◽  
Work Skills ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Gorny Altai ◽  
High Degree

This article is devoted to Neanderthal adaptation strategies, whose study is becoming more and more relevant in recent years as a result of new discoveries demonstrating Neanderthal cognitive capabilities. Our perception of this subspecies of ancient hominins and of their work skills is changing in view of these discoveries. In this connection, investigation of easternmost Eurasian Neanderthals’ tool manufacturing processes, who produced stone tools in the absence of flint and with the raw materials available, is supposed to clarify researchers’ ideas about the strategies ensuring the Neanderthal subsistence. Purpose. We focuses on main trends in manufacturing stone tools developed by the Gorny Altai Neanderthals within the framework of the Sibiryachikha industry. Our research is based on attributive analysis within a technicaltypological method. We aimed at identifying technologically significant morphological and metric features of each item from the collection of stone tools found in Chagyrskaya Peshchera (Cave). In the article, we provide typological definitions for the stone tool blanks, identify variants of the tools’ secondary treatment and the number of such traces on the tool, describe the tools’ edges with retouch and give detailed information on the metric parameters of the tools and blanks. The results of the previously published petrographic analysis, which was conducted by N. A. Kulik, in combination with the attributive analysis of stone artifacts from the 6C/1, 2008 assemblage, indicate that there are four main types of raw materials which were mainly used by the Gorny Altai Neanderthals. Results. The greatest variety of raw materials was recorded in the category of blanks without secondary treatment. Among the tools, the greatest variety is demonstrated by tools that have minimal traces of secondary treatment, namely single scrapers and retouched flakes. There seems to be little diversity among double and convergent scrapers, for which zasuryan jasper were predominantly used. As for bifaces, we observe domination of the blanks made of the zasuryan jasper. Conclusion. Our research has confirmed that the basic principles of using raw materials by the Gorny Altai Neanderthals were the quality and availability of these materials. In general, high-quality stone raw materials were used for the production of well-modified tools, such as bifaces, convergent scrapers and retouched points. Such a selectivity of raw material identified for the items from our collection supports the hypothesis that explains a high degree of Neanderthal adaptation to the paleo-environment.

Raw Material Selection and Stone Tool Production: Limestone Bifaces in the Mopan Valley, Belize

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-204
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Horowitz ◽  
Bernadette Cap ◽  
Jason Yaeger ◽  
Meaghan Peuramaki-Brown ◽  
Mark Eli
Keyword(s):  
Material Selection ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Maya Lowlands ◽  
Belize River Valley ◽  
Raw Material Selection

Stone tool producers in the Maya Lowlands had several types of raw materials from which to choose. Limestone, chert, and obsidian are the most naturally abundant, whereas chert and obsidian outnumber limestone in archaeological contexts. The presence of flaked-stone tools made of limestone is typically attributed to the scarcity of more suitable raw materials. Nevertheless, in chert-rich areas, such as the upper Belize River valley, limestone bifaces and production debitage are present. To understand their presence, we examine limestone biface production and use at Buenavista del Cayo.

scholarly journals Optimization of use-wear detection and characterization on stone tool surfaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Borel Antony ◽  
Deltombe Raphaël ◽  
Moreau Philippe ◽  
Ingicco Thomas ◽  
Bigerelle Maxence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Quantitative Characterization ◽  
Use Wear ◽  
Surface Alteration

AbstractDebates and doubt around the interpretation of use-wear on stone tools called for the development of quantitative analysis of surfaces to complement the qualitative description of traces. Recently, a growing number of studies showed that prehistoric activities can be discriminated thanks to quantitative characterization of stone tools surface alteration due to use. However, stone tool surfaces are microscopically very heterogeneous and the calculated parameters may highly vary depending on the areas selected for measurement. Indeed, it may be impacted by the effects from the raw material topography and not from the altered zones only, if non-altered part of the surface is included in the measurement. We propose here to discuss this issue and present a workflow involving the use of masks to separate worn and unworn parts of the surface. Our results show that this step of extraction, together with suitable filtering, could have a high impact on the optimization of the detection and thus characterization of use traces. This represents the basis for future automatic routines allowing the detection, extraction and characterization of wear on stone tools.

The Physical Properties of Stone Tool Materials

1944 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ellen Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Tool Materials ◽  
Functional Relations ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
The Given

The diversity of types of stone tools, as of any other class of artifacts, may be regarded as due to differences in the nature and functional relations of the relevant variables existing in the given situations in which these artifacts were produced. These relevant variables may be conceived as of three major kinds: those associated primarily with the individuality of the given artisan, those arising primarily from the cultural matrix in which the artisan lived and worked, and those directly or indirectly due to the resources and nature of the physical environment in which the artisan and his culture existed. In setting up such categories, a corresponding functional dissociation must not be assumed. Each recognizable element in each category is of course functionally related to every other. But the archae6logist must, in attempting to evaluate his material, schematize in some such fashion. He must evaluate, as well as he can, each of the variables involved.

ZIRCAR ZIRCONIA POWDER TYPE ZYP-4.5

Alloy Digest ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Yttrium Oxide ◽  
Zirconium Oxide ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bend Strength ◽  
Powder Metal ◽  
Zirconia Powder ◽  
Tetragonal Crystal ◽  
Powder Type

Abstract ZIRCAR ZIRCONIA POWDER TYPEZYP-4.5 is a highly reactive form of zirconium oxide stabilized in the tetragonal crystal state with added yttrium oxide. It is an excellent raw material for producing dense structural and wear resistant parts. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, hardness, elasticity, and bend strength as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on powder metal forms. Filing Code: Cer-1. Producer or source: Zircar Products Inc..

Anthocyanins: Chemical Properties and Health Benefits: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siraj Salman Mohammad ◽  
Renata Oliveira Santos ◽  
Maria Ivone Barbosa ◽  
José Lucena Barbosa Junior
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
The Body ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction Properties ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Food Processes ◽  
Shed Light

: Anthocyanins are widely spread in different kinds of food, especially fruits and floral tissues, there is an extensive range of anthocyanin compounds reach more than 600 exist in nature. Anthocyanins can be used as antioxidants and raw material for several applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. Consequently, a plenty of studies about anthocyanins sources and extraction methods were reported. Furthermore, many studies about their stability, bioactive and therapeutic properties have been done. According to the body of work, we firstly worked to shed light on anthocyanin properties including chemical, antioxidant and extraction properties. Secondly, we reported the applications and health benefits of anthocyanin including the applications in food processes and anthocyanin characteristics as therapeutic and prophylactic compounds. We reviewed anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-fatness, oxidative Stress and lipid decreasing and vasoprotective effects of anthocyanins. In conclusion, because the importance of phytochemicals and bioactive compounds the research is still continuing to find new anthocyanins from natural sources and invest them as raw materials in the pharmaceutical and nutrition applications.

Stone tool use by wild capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) at Serra das Confusões National Park, Brazil

Primates ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Falótico ◽  
Paulo Henrique M. Coutinho ◽  
Carolina Q. Bueno ◽  
Henrique P. Rufo ◽  
Eduardo B. Ottoni
Keyword(s):  
Tool Use ◽  
National Park ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys

Use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ashes as Raw Material in the Replacement of Fluxes for Applications on Porcelain Tile

2016 ◽  
Vol 881 ◽  
pp. 383-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimundo J.S. Paranhos ◽  
Wilson Acchar ◽  
Vamberto Monteiro Silva
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Porcelain Tile

This study evaluated the potential use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ashes (SBA) as a flux, replacing phyllite for the production of enamelled porcelain tile. The raw materials of the standard mass components and the SBA residue were characterized by testing by XRF, XRD, AG, DTA and TGA. Test samples were fabricated, assembled in lots of 3 units and sintered at temperatures of 1150 ° C to 1210 ° C. The results of the physical properties, mechanical properties and SEM of the sintered samples, showed that the formulation, G4 - in which applied 10% of SBA replacing phyllite, sintering temperature 1210 ° C showed better performance as the previously mentioned properties due to the formation of mullite crystals, meeting the prerequisites of standards for enamelled porcelain tile, while reducing the environmental impact and the cost of production.

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