scholarly journals Gender differences in guilt aversion in Korea and the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Nihonsugi ◽  
Toshiko Tanaka ◽  
Masahiko Haruno
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Lasso Regression ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Japanese Study ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Actual Outcome ◽  
Guilt Aversion

Abstract Guilt aversion, which describes the tendency to reduce the discrepancy between a partner’s expectation and his/her actual outcome, is a key driving force for cooperation in both the East and the West. A recent study based on functional magnetic resonance imaging and online behavioral experiments reported that men show stronger guilt aversion than women and also suggested that men’s predominance in guilt aversion arises from stronger sensitivity to social norms. However, since the participants of that study were all Japanese, it remains unaddressed how common the gender difference in guilt aversion is. Here, we conducted online behavioral studies on people from Korea and the U.K. (Korea; n = 294, U.K.; n = 347) using the same trust game. We confirmed that men exhibit stronger guilt aversion than women in both countries. Furthermore, consistent with the Japanese study, our Lasso regression analysis for U.K. participants revealed that Big Five Conscientiousness (rule-based decision) correlated with guilt aversion in men. In contrast, guilt aversion in Korean men correlated with Big Five Neuroticism. Thus, our results suggest that gender differences in guilt aversion is universal but the underlying cognitive processes may be influenced by cultural differences.

scholarly journals Gender differences in guilt aversion in Korea and the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Nihonsugi ◽  
Toshiko Tanaka ◽  
Masahiko Haruno
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Lasso Regression ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Japanese Study ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Actual Outcome ◽  
Guilt Aversion

Guilt aversion, which describes the tendency to reduce the discrepancy between a partner’s expectation and his/her actual outcome, is a key driving force for cooperation in both the East and the West. A recent study based on functional magnetic resonance imaging and online behavioral experiments reported that men show stronger guilt aversion than women and also suggested that men’s predominance in guilt aversion arises from stronger sensitivity to social norms. However, since the participants of that study were all Japanese, it remains unaddressed how common the gender difference in guilt aversion is. Here, we conducted online behavioral studies on people from Korea and the U.K. (Korea; n = 294, U.K.; n = 347) using the same trust game. We confirmed that men exhibit stronger guilt aversion than women in both countries. Furthermore, consistent with the Japanese study, our Lasso regression analysis for U.K. participants revealed that Big Five Conscientiousness (rule-based decision) correlated with guilt aversion in men. In contrast, guilt aversion in Korean men correlated with Big Five Neuroticism. Thus, our results suggest that gender differences in guilt aversion is universal but the underlying cognitive processes may be influenced by cultural differences.

Gender Differences in Earnings Rewards to Personality Traits in Wage-employment and Self-employment Labour Markets

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-228
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mohammed ◽  
Priscilla Twumasi Baffour ◽  
Wassiuw Abdul Rahaman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Big Five Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
Wage Equations

In an extensive review of wage determination papers, it is concluded that the standard demographic and human capital factors explain little of earning differentials. Consequently, there is a growing interest among economists to include non-cognitive skills measured by personality traits in recent empirical literature to explain variations in earnings. In a bid to contribute empirical evidence to this strand of literature, this study examines the associations between the Big-Five personality traits (i.e., agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, extraversion and neuroticism) and earnings, using the World Bank’s Skills towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) data on Ghana. The study employed regression techniques to estimate a series of semi-logarithmic wage equations that include demographic and human capital factors and the Big-Five personality traits to determine how important these factors are in explaining wage and self-employment earnings. Furthermore, the estimations of the wage equations are done separately for males and females to highlight any gender differences in the way personality traits contribute to earnings. Findings are largely consistent with the literature but uniquely demonstrate that in a power-distant culture like Ghana, where, traditionally, girl-child education has been relegated to the background, agreeable females, and not males, are rewarded in the formal wage employment labour market. However, in the informal self-employment labour market, conscientious males, and not females, are positively rewarded with higher earnings. These unique findings contribute to our understanding of the gender differences in the relative importance of non-cognitive skills in the formal and informal labour markets. JEL Codes: J31, J24

Gender Differences in Relationship Between Resilience and Big Five Personality Traits in Japanese Adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 920-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhei Iimura ◽  
Kanako Taku
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Big Five Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
School Students ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Japanese Adolescents ◽  
Age Range

Prior work has indicated that female adolescents mature more quickly than males with regard to the various personality dimensions. From the developmental perspectives, this study aimed to explore gender differences in the relationships between resilience and the Big Five personality traits in Japanese adolescents. Middle school students ( N = 310, 155 females, age range = 14–15 years) participated in an online survey. The results demonstrated that females had higher Conscientiousness than males. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that Neuroticism was the most influential predictor of resilience in females, whereas Extraversion was the most important predictor in males. Multigroup path analysis demonstrated that the effect of Neuroticism on resilience was greater for females; however, the effects of all other variables did not differ across genders. Considering gender differences is important to understand the relationship between resilience and the Big Five dimensions among adolescents.

The Glass Ceiling in IT

2011 ◽  
pp. 733-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Management Level ◽  
Department Of Labor ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Number Of Publications

The term “glass ceiling,” first coined in 1986, is a metaphor for “those artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organizational bias that prevent qualified individuals from advancing upward in their organization into management-level positions.” (U.S. Department of Labor, 1991, p. 1). In has been noted in a number of publications that information technology (IT) is a particularly enlightening field for the study of gender inequalities, such as the glass ceiling. For example, Ramsay (2000) noted that while inequalities in more established industries might be considered a historical leftover of obsolete gender stereotypes, the newness of computing presents researchers with the chance to examine how gender relations develop in an industry apparently less fettered by tradition. IT presents an exemplar case study for those who wished to examine “… whether the dynamics of disadvantage have their roots as deeply in today’s employment settings …” (Ramsay, 2000, p. 215). Research indicates that IT has, however, developed to reflect precisely the same forms of gendered inequalities that have been documented in older industries (Suriya, 2003). The metaphor of the glass ceiling is equally applicable to IT. Panteli, Stack, and Ramsay (2001), in a comment on the United Kingdom (UK), which nonetheless resonates internationally, state, “The growth in IT should have opened up new possibilities for women to enter these occupations. However, its growth so far has been used to construct and maintain gender differences and to sustain male hierarchies” (p. 15).

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Personality across the Ten Aspects of the Big Five

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanna J. Weisberg ◽  
Colin G. DeYoung ◽  
Jacob B. Hirsh
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Big Five

Time perspective and autobiographical memory: Individual and gender differences in experiencing time and remembering the past

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Ely ◽  
Andrea Mercurio
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Big Five Inventory ◽  
Time Perspectives ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Memory Questionnaire

This study examined the degree to which time perspectives were associated with the processes and content of autobiographical memory. A sample of 230 young adults (118 women) completed the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999 ), the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John and Srivastava, 1999 ), and responded in writing to seven memory prompts as well as to items from the Autobiographical Memory Questionnaire (AMQ; Rubin et al., 2003 ). The Past Positive and Future subscales of the ZTPI predicted many aspects of memory even when controlling for BFI traits. There were gender differences in time perspectives and gender moderated a number of the correlations between time perspectives and autobiographical memory.

THE VALIDATION OF THE ORPHEUS MINOR SCALES IN A WORKING POPULATION

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Rust
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Work Orientation ◽  
Working Population ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Integrity Testing ◽  
Big Five Model

Orpheus is a broad spectrum 190 item work-based combined personality and integrity questionnaire that generates scores on sixteen scales - seven minor scales, five major scales, and four audit scales. The minor scales of Orpheus are Proficiency, Work-orientation, Patience, Fair-mindedness, Loyalty, Disclosure and Initiative, and are designed to assess the integrity traits of carelessness, poor work orientation, anger, resentfulness, disloyalty, lying and inertia, within a framework traced back to Prudentius in the Fourth Century AD. The major scales are Fellowship, Authority, Conformity, Emotion and Detail and are based on the ‘big five’ model of personality. The study reports a validation of the Orpheus Minor Scales against 7 adjective check lists on a sample of 380 respondents in employment settings in the United Kingdom. General issues relating personality and integrity testing are also discussed.

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