Effect of Wearing a Helmet on the Occurrence of Head Injuries in Motorcycle Riders in Benin: A Cohort-nested Case-control Study

Abstract Background: In Benin, motorcycles are the main means of transport for road users and are involved in more than half of accidents. This study aims to determine the effect of wearing a helmet on reducing head injuries in road accidents in Benin.Methods: This cohort-nested case-control study took place in 2020 and focused on road trauma victims. The sample consisted of 242 cases for 484 controls. A logistic regression model was performed.Results: Fewer of the subjects with a head injury were wearing a helmet at the time of the accident 69.8% (95% CI = 63.6 - 75.6) compared to those without a head injury 90.3% (95% CI = 87.3 - 92.8). Adjusting for the other variables, subjects not wearing helmets were at greater risk of head injuries (OR = 3.8, 95% CI (2.5 - 5.7)); the head injury rating was 2.0 (95% CI = 1.2 - 3.2) times higher in subjects who were fatigued during the accident than among those who were not and 2.1 (95% CI = 1.2 - 3.3) times higher than in subjects with no medical history.Conclusion: Failure to wear a helmet exposes motorcyclists to the risk of head injuries during accidents. It is important to increase awareness and better target such initiatives at the subjects most at risk.

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Effect of wearing a helmet on the occurrence of head injuries in motorcycle riders in Benin: a case-control study nested in a cohort

10.21203/rs.3.rs-117833/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bella Adodo Hounkpe Dos Santos ◽

Yolaine Glele Ahanhanzo ◽

Alphonse Kpozehouen ◽

Donatien Daddah ◽

Emmanuel Lagarde ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Road Users ◽

Trauma Victims ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background In Benin, motorcycles are the main means of transport for road users and are involved in more than half of crashes. This study aims to determine the effect of wearing a helmet on reducing head injuries in road crashes in Benin. Methods This case-control study nested in a cohort took place in 2020 and focused on road trauma victims. The sample, consisting of 242 cases (trauma victims with head injuries) for 484 controls (without head injuries), was drawn from a cohort of traffic crash victims recruited from five hospitals across the country from July 2019 to January 2020. Four groups of independent variables were studied: socio-demographic and economic variables, history, ²oural variables including helmet use and road-related and environmental variables. To assess the shape of the association between the independent variables and the dependent variable, a descending step-by-step binary logistic regression model was performed using an explanatory approach.. Results Fewer of the subjects with a head injury were wearing a helmet at the time of the crash 69.8% (95% CI = 63.6 - 75.6) compared to those without a head injury 90.3% (95% CI = 87.3 - 92.8). Adjusting for the other variables, subjects not wearing helmets were at greater risk of head injuries (OR = 3.8, 95% CI (2.5 - 5.7)); the head injury rating was 1.9 (95% CI = 1.2 - 3.3) times higher in subjects who were fatigued during the crash than among those who were not and 2.0 (95% CI = 1.2 - 3.3) times higher than in subjects with no medical history. Conclusion Failure to wear a helmet exposes motorcyclists to the risk of head injuries during crashes. It is important to increase awareness and better target such initiatives at the subjects most at risk.

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Effect of wearing a helmet on the occurrence of head injuries in motorcycle riders in Benin: a case-control study

Injury Epidemiology ◽

10.1186/s40621-021-00311-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bella Hounkpe Dos Santos ◽

Yolaine Glele Ahanhanzo ◽

Alphonse Kpozehouen ◽

Donatien Daddah ◽

Emmanuel Lagarde ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Road Users ◽

Trauma Victims ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background In Benin, motorcycles are the main means of transport for road users and are involved in more than half of crashes. This study aims to determine the effect of wearing a helmet on reducing head injuries in road crashes in Benin. Methods This case-control study took place in 2020 and focused on road trauma victims. The sample, consisting of 242 cases (trauma victims with head injuries) for 484 controls (without head injuries), was drawn from a database of traffic crash victims recruited from five hospitals across the country from July 2019 to January 2020. Four groups of independent variables were studied: socio-demographic and economic variables, history, behavioural variables including helmet use and road-related and environmental variables. To assess the shape of the association between the independent variables and the dependent variable, a descending step-by-step binary logistic regression model was performed using an explanatory approach. Results Fewer of the subjects with a head injury were wearing a helmet at the time of the crash 69.8% (95% CI = 63.6–75.6) compared to those without a head injury 90.3% (95% CI = 87.3–92.8). Adjusting for the other variables, subjects not wearing helmets were at greater risk of head injuries (OR = 3.8, 95% CI (2.5–5.7)); the head injury rating was 1.9 (95% CI = 1.2–3.3) times higher in subjects who were fatigued during the crash than among those who were not and 2.0 (95% CI = 1.2–3.3) times higher in subjects with no medical history. Conclusion Failure to wear a helmet exposes motorcyclists to the risk of head injuries during crashes. It is important to increase awareness and better target such initiatives at the subjects most at risk.

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Risk Factors for Community-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury in Medical Patients: A Nested Case-Control Study

Blood Purification ◽

10.1159/000506502 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (6) ◽

pp. 677-684

Author(s):

Javier Enrique Cely ◽

Elkin José Mendoza ◽

John Jaime Sprockel ◽

Luis Carlos Perez ◽

Janeth Marcela Mateus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression Model ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Case Control ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Nephrotoxic Drugs ◽

Nested Case Control ◽

Control Study

Introduction: Research about the risk factors associated with community-acquired acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) in acute medical diseases is scarce. Data extrapolation from surgical to medical illnesses is questionable. Objectives: To evaluate potential risk factors and hospital outcomes associated with a CA-AKI in medical illnesses. Methods: We performed an unmatched nested case-control study from a previous prospective cohort study. We included adult patients with acute illnesses treated with internal medicine. Cases were defined as patients with a CA-AKI diagnosis upon hospital admission, and controls included patients from the same cohort who did not develop AKI during the first 5 days of hospitalisation. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association between potential risk factors and CA-AKI. Results: A total of 868 patients were included in the study (223 cases and 645 controls). The median age was 65 years (interquartile range 50–78). In a logistic regression model, the risk factors associated with CA-AKI included chronic kidney disease (CKD; OR 6.27; 95% CI 2.95–13.3, p < 0.001), ≥65 years old (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.16–2.57, p = 0.007), acute bacterial infection (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.36–2.80, p < 0.001), hypovolaemia (OR 1.88; 95% CI 1.32–2.69, p < 0.001), pre-hospital nephrotoxic drugs (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.23–2.55, p = 0.002), anaemia (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.03–2.14, p = 0.031) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) <107 mm Hg (OR 2.25; 95% CI 1.38–3.67, p = 0.001). A significant interaction between CKD and age was found (p = 0.017) and included in the model (patients with CKD and ≥65 years old [OR 10.85; 95% CI 4.14–28.41, p < 0.001]). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the final model was 0.743. Conclusions: CKD is strongly associated with CA-AKI upon hospital admission in medical illnesses patients. Older age enhances the risk of CA-AKI in patients with CKD. Other risk factors include pre-hospital nephrotoxic drugs, acute bacterial infection, anaemia, low SBP and hypovolaemia.

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