scholarly journals Profiling of Pulmonary Fungal Pathogens and the Prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Fungal Co-Infection in Presumptive Tuberculosis Patients Referred to Saint Peter’s Tuberculosis Referral Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adane Bitew ◽  
Solomon Bati
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pulmonary Mycosis ◽  
High Prevalence

Abstract Background: The burden of pulmonary mycosis is increasing and often misdiagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis in developing countries where the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis is high. Objective: To determine the prevalence of pulmonary mycosis and pulmonary tuberculosis fungal co-infections. Methods: A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2019 and May 2019. Sputum was collected from 636 study subjects. Part of the sputum was inoculated onto Brain Heart Infusion agar and fungi were identified following standard microbiological procedures. The remaining part of the sample was used for the investigation of pulmonary tuberculosis by GeneXpert.Results: Among 636 sputum samples, 75.9% (483), 25.6% (163), and 20% (127) were positive for fungal pathogens, pulmonary tuberculosis, and pulmonary tuberculosis fungal co-infection, respectively. Of 690 fungal isolates, 81.4% were yeasts compromising of 46.3% Candida albicans 52.7% Non-albicans Candida species, and 1.0% Cryptococcus neoformans. The remaining 128 (18.6%) isolates were molds, where Aspergillus species (79; 61.7%), Penicillium species (16; 12.5%), Scedosporium apiospermum (13; 10.2%), and Fusarium species (10;7.8%) being the major isolates. The isolation rate of fungi was higher in males (51.6%) than in females (48.4%). There was no statistically significant association between the prevalence of pulmonary fungal pathogens and sex (P=0.239). Patients in the age group of 35-44 and above were slightly more affected than younger age groups. The association of fungal pathogens and age was not statistically significant (P=0.50). Conclusions: Our study revealed a high prevalence of pulmonary fungal pathogens (75.4%) and pulmonary fungal co-infection (20%). The isolation rate of Non-albicans Candida species out-numbered that of C. albicans. High prevalence of pulmonary fungal pathogens in our study, especially in cases where sputum for pulmonary tuberculosis was negative alerts, the need to employ conventional microbiology tests along with clinical and radiological evidence.

scholarly journals Profiling of potential pulmonary fungal pathogens and the prevalence of the association between pulmonary tuberculosis and potential fungal pathogens in presumptive tuberculosis patients referred to Saint Peter’s Specialized Tuberculosis Referral Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212110561
Author(s):  
Adane Bitew ◽  
Solomon Bati
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Participants

Objective: The burden of pulmonary fungal infection is increasing and often misdiagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis in developing countries where the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis is high. |Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the spectrum of potential pulmonary fungal pathogens and the prevalence of the association between pulmonary tuberculosis and potential fungal pathogens. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2018 and May 2019. Sputum was collected from 636 study participants. Part of the sputum was inoculated onto Brain Heart Infusion agar, and fungi were identified following standard microbiological procedures. The remaining part of the sample was used for the investigation of pulmonary tuberculosis. Results: Among 636 sputum samples, 75.9% (483) and 25.6% (163) were positive for potential fungal pathogens and pulmonary tuberculosis, respectively. The prevalence of the association between pulmonary tuberculosis and potential fungal pathogens was 20.0%. Of fungal isolates, 81.4% were yeasts. The remaining 128 (18.6%) isolates were molds. The isolation rate of fungi was higher in males (51.6%) than in females (48.4%). There was no statistically significant association between the prevalence of potential pulmonary fungal pathogens and sex ( p = 0.239). Patients in the age group of 35 to 44 and above were slightly more affected than younger age groups. The association between potential fungal pathogens and age was not statistically significant ( p = 0.50). Conclusion: High prevalence of potential pulmonary fungal pathogens and the association of tuberculosis and potential fungal pathogens recorded in this study will enforce health personnel to pay due attention to these conditions and arise the interest of researchers to conduct further work on the burden of the association between tuberculosis and potential fungal pathogens. Our study also revealed the need to employ conventional microbiology tests along with clinical and radiological evidence since clinical manifestations and radiological pictures of tuberculosis mimic that of pulmonary fungal infection.

scholarly journals Performance of LED Fluorescence Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV Positive Individuals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konjit Getachew ◽  
Tamrat Abebe ◽  
Abebaw Kebede ◽  
Adane Mihret ◽  
Getachew Melkamu
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Sputum Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Background. Despite its lower sensitivity, smear microscopy remains the main diagnostic method for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in resource-limited countries as TB culturing methods like LJ (Lowenstein-Jensen) are expensive to use as a routine base. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of LED-FM for the diagnosis of PTB in HIV positive individuals.Methods. Cross-sectional study was conducted in Zewditu Memorial Hospital and Teklehaimanot Health Center HIV/ART clinics in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Each sample was stained with ZN and Auramine O staining and examined with bright-field microscope and LED-FM microscope, respectively. LJ culture was used as a reference.Results. Out of 178 study participants, twenty-four (13.5%) patients were confirmed as positive for MTB with LJ culture. The yield of ZN microscopy and LED-FM in direct and concentrated sample was 3.9%, 8.4%, 6.2%, and 8.4%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of direct ZN microscopy were 29.2%, 100%, 100%, and 90.1%, respectively, and of LED-FM microscopy in direct sputum sample were 62.5%, 100%, 100%, and 94.5%, respectively.Conclusion. LED-FM has better sensitivity for the diagnosis of PTB in HIV positive individuals as compared to conventional ZN microscopy. LED-FM can be used as an alternative to conventional ZN microscopy.

scholarly journals Pattern of morbidity among elders attending general practice: health needs assessment of geriatric patients in Oman

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaikh Muhammad Naeem ◽  
Firdous Jahan ◽  
Muhammad Asadullah Siddiqui ◽  
Muhammad Moazzam Khan
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male Predominance ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Walking Difficulty ◽  
Outpatient Settings

The main purpose of this study was to identify specific problems and pattern of morbidities that is common in the elderly. A cross sectional study surveying the health status and needs of targeted population was conducted in selected primary health care (PHC) outpatient settings. All consenting individuals aged 60 years and above who visited the selected PHC clinics were interviewed. Information was collected using face-to-face interviews based on a structured, pre-tested questionnaire. A total of 185 people were evaluated in this study. About 75% of participants were age 60-70 years. Overall, male predominance was noted with 137 (74.1%) males and among all participant’s 80% were married. The mean BMI was 26.47±4.98 kg/m2 and mean waist circumference was 90.16±12.97 cm. The prevalence of smoking, DM, HTN, dyslipidaemia and history of IHD among participants were 7.6%, 37.8%, 49.7%, 27.6% and 8.1%, respectively and males showed a significantly higher prevalence than females in smoking and HTN (p<0.05). Hypertension was common comorbid ailment with 29.2% of stage I and 19.5% of stage II hypertension among 60-70 age groups. The majority of the participants were taking shower; using toilet, feeding and get dressed independently, 88.6%, 87.6%, 87% and 87.6% respectively. These findings provide important information on high prevalence of overweight, hypertension, diabetes, smoking and dyslipidaemia among elders. The other common morbidities were impaired vision, walking difficulty, and hearing problems. The activity of daily living (bathing dressing toileting feeding) is preserved in most of older people.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Drug Resistance Patterns ofMycobacterium tuberculosisamong New Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Eastern Ethiopia

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berhanu Seyoum ◽  
Meaza Demissie ◽  
Alemayehu Worku ◽  
Shiferaw Bekele ◽  
Abraham Aseffa
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Resistance Patterns

The study aimed at determining the prevalence and drug resistance patterns ofMycobacterium tuberculosisamong new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients visiting TB diagnosis and treatment facilities at selected health facilities in eastern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2011 and May 2013. A total of 408 new adult pulmonary TB patients (≥ 18 years) were enrolled in this study. Three consecutive sputum samples (spot, morning, and spot) were collected from each patient and transported to the Armauer Hansen Research Institute TB laboratory located in Addis Ababa for culture on Lowenstein Jensen slant media. DST was performed on 357 (87.5%) of the patient samples for isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), ethambutol (E), and streptomycin (S) using the standard proportion method. The rate of resistance to any one drug was 23%. Any resistance to H, S, R, and E was 14%, 11.5%, 2.8%, and 0.3%, respectively. The highest proportion of monoresistance was observed against H (9.5%). MDRTB was detected in 1.1% of the patients. Any drug resistance was associated with HIV infection (COR = 3.7, 95% CI 1.905–7.222) (P= 0.000). Although the prevalence of MDRTB is relatively low in the study area, high prevalence of H resistance is a serious concern demanding close monitoring. Expanding diagnostic capacity for mycobacterial culture and DST is a vital step in this regard.

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Severity of Tooth Wear in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patcharawan Srisilapanan ◽  
Matee Jindarat ◽  
Jeffrey Roseman
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Tooth Wear ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Objective. To assess the prevalence and severity of tooth wear in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods. Attendees at a diabetic clinic at Wiang Pa Pao Hospital in Chiang Rai province, Thailand, were invited to take part in this cross-sectional study. All participants were aged 35–74 and had type 2 diabetes. Participants were required to have been diagnosed with diabetes for at least three months. 179 subjects accepted a clinical oral examination and completed the questionnaire. Tooth wear was assessed clinically using the Smith and Knight Tooth Wear Index. Results. The mean age of diabetic patients was 56.5 ± 7.8 years. The majority (44.1%) had diabetes more than 5 years. The average years of having had diabetes was 6.5 ± 6.3 years. The most prevalent type of tooth wear was attrition (99.4%). The prevalence of erosion, abrasion, and abfraction were 64.8%, 31.3%, and 7.3%, respectively. The majority of the tooth wear was moderate to high severity (62.1%). Erosion and abfraction showed significant association with age group (p<0.05). Age group was significantly associated with the severity level (p=0.017). Mild tooth wear severity was the highest in age groups 35–44 and 45–54 (53.8% and 41.2%, respectively). Moderate tooth wear was the highest proportion in age groups 55–65 and 65–74 (52.2% and 44.0%, respectively). There were no significant differences between specific diabetic symptoms and types of tooth wear. Conclusion. There was a high prevalence of tooth wear among diabetic patients. The role of prevention is vital in maintaining the integrity of the teeth and to avoid treating these worn teeth in diabetic patients.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Dental Caries among adolescence of Dhanusha District, Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
K Yadav ◽  
S Prakash ◽  
S Khanal ◽  
JK Singh
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Mandibular Region

Background  and  Objectives:  In  developing  countries  like  Nepal,  the  oral  health  system  is currently  in  transition  phase  facing  a  high  prevalence  of  dental  caries.  It  has  significant  social impact in important life activities which hinders the achievement and ma intenance of good oral health  due  to  lack  of  dental  awareness  in  all  age  groups.  Streptococcus  mutans  is  the  most predominant  organism  to  cause  dental  caries.  Therefore, the  present  study  was  designed  to determine the prevalence of dental caries and to identify its etiology among adolescence.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried by following Standard protocols of Bergey’s  Manual  of  Systematic  Bacteriology  to  isolate  and  identify  the  organism.  The  data  was analyzed  using  SPPS  17.0  and  Microsoft  excels  2007  which  was  considered  as  statistically significant at p-value < 0.05.Results: The prevalence of dental caries in adolescent was found to be 33%.  The highest numbers of  patients  having  dental  caries  were  in  the  age  group  of  15-19  in  female  (66.32%)  than  male (39.70%).  Bacterial  growth  was  observed  more  in  female  (75.60%)  than  male  (24.39%)  which was found to be statistically significant (p=0.0001).  S. mutans  was found as the most important cause  of  dental  caries.  Maxillary  region  of  tooth  were  more  vulnerable  to  dental  caries  than mandibular  region  of  tooth.  Most  of  the  respondents  had  once  per  day  brushing  habit  without fluoridated dentrifice containing tooth paste.Conclusion:  The prevalence of dental caries was found one third of total.  S.mutans  was the main causes of dental caries and molars tooth are more affected than others.Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2015) Vol. 3 (2): 29-37

scholarly journals ANALYZING THE PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF TYPHOID FEVER, MALARIA AND THEIR COINFECTIONS IN FEBRILE SUBJECTS OF URBAN INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Alok Kumar ◽  
Rashmi Tomar
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Urban Indian ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Symptoms And Signs ◽  
Very High

Background: Typhoid fever and malaria remain major public health threats in developing countries and tropical regions. In endemic regions, people are at a very high risk of developing both the disease at the same time with significant overlapping of associated symptoms and signs Aims: The present cross-sectional clinical trial was undertaken to assess the prevalence, typhoid fever, malaria, and their coinfections in urban Indian subjects with fever.               Materials and Methods: In 180 subjects, demographic data and clinical features of all the study subjects were recorded. For assessing typhoid fever, a slide agglutination test was done using H (flagellar) and O (somatic) antigen kits for S.typhi. The collected data were subjected to statistical evaluation for results formulation. Results: Total positive malaria cases were 37.22% (n=67). Among 67 positive cases, 43.28% (n=29) were seen to have P.vivax, 40.29% (n=27) had P. Falciparum and mixed infection were seen in 16.41% (n=11) subjects. Typhoid and malaria coinfection was seen in 6.66% (n=12) of study subjects. On correlating typhoid fever, malaria, and coinfections with demographic characteristics and clinical characteristics in the study subjects, it was seen that the age groups of 2 years to 10 years were associated with malaria, and the association was statistically significant with p=0.03. Conclusion: Within its limitations, the present study concludes that the coinfections are common owing to the high prevalence and overlapping symptoms of malaria and typhoid fever. Poor hand washing habits are associated with typhoid fever significantly.  Keywords: Coinfections, Malaria, P. Falciparum, S. typhi, Typhoid fever

High prevalence of comorbidities and use of concomitant medication in treated people living with HIV in Germany – results of the BESIDE study

2020 ◽  
pp. 095646242094202
Author(s):  
B Funke ◽  
CD Spinner ◽  
E Wolf ◽  
H Heiken ◽  
S Christensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Living With Hiv

Due to demographic changes in people living with HIV (PLHIV), physicians are challenged with age-related comorbidities and their management. In the absence of comprehensive data collection, the burden of comorbidities and co-medication in addition to antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains unclear for the German real-world setting. BESIDE was an observational, cross-sectional study evaluating the prevalence of comorbidities and use of co-medication in treated PLHIV. Regional distribution of study centers (n = 20), consecutive patient recruitment, and age-stratified sampling in alignment with national epidemiologic data aimed to ensure a representative sample (n = 453). The overall prevalence of comorbidities was 91.2%; 31.6% of patients had ≥4 comorbidities. The most common diagnoses were vitamin D deficiency (29.1%), depressive episode (27.8%), arterial hypertension (16.3%), and hypercholesterolemia (10.8%). 83.7% of patients were on co-medication; 21.2% taking ≥4 medications. The most common medications or supplements were vitamins (31.6%), anti-inflammatory agents (16.1%), renin–angiotensin system agents (12.1%), acid suppressants (11.7%), lipid modifying agents (10.8%); 1.3% of patients were on co-medication that should not be co-administered with ART, 41.5% on co-medication with potential for drug–drug interactions. The prevalence of comorbidities and use of co-medication among treated PLHIV in Germany is consistently high and increases across age groups, illustrating the complexity of HIV care involving appropriate ART selection.

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