scholarly journals Dietary Acid Load and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Prospective Population-based Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvin Mirmiran ◽  
Zeinab Houshialsadat ◽  
Zahra Bahadoran ◽  
Sajjad Khalili‑Moghadam ◽  
Mohammad Karim Shahrzad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Dietary Acid Load ◽  
Potential Renal Acid Load ◽  
Net Endogenous Acid Production ◽  
Dietary Acid ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Independent Association ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

Abstract Background: Considering the established association between the dietary acid load and cardiovascular outcomes, as well as the existing inconstancies in the previous studies, we aimed to assess the association between the dietary acid load and the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Methods: Eligible participants (n= 2369, 19- 70 years old, 43.5% men) with no cardiovascular diseases at baseline (2006-2008) were recruited and followed up for a mean period of 6.7 ± 1.4 years. Potential Renal Acid Load and Net Endogenous Acid Production, as the two indexes of dietary acid load, were calculated based on the macronutrient and micronutrient constitutions. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to report the association between tertiles of Potential Renal Acid Load and Net Endogenous Acid Production, and 6-years incident risk of cardiovascular diseases.Results: The mean age and body mass index of the participants were 38.5 ± 13.3 years and 26.6 ± 4.8 kg/m2 at baseline, respectively. The incident rate of cardiovascular diseases was reported as 3.3% (79 cases). No significant associations were detected between the Potential Renal Acid Load and the cardiovascular diseases incidence in the crude or the adjusted models (HRs= 0.63; CI: 0.36-1.17; P trend= 0.10). Meanwhile, the Net Endogenous Acid Production index was marginally significantly associated with the crude model (HR= 0.57; CI: 0.33-0.99, P trend= 0.048). Conclusions: Data from the current study were not in favor of an independent association between the dietary acid load and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases within the Iranian population.

scholarly journals Higher estimated net endogenous acid production with lower intake of fruits and vegetables based on a dietary survey is associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Toba ◽  
Michihiro Hosojima ◽  
Hideyuki Kabasawa ◽  
Shoji Kuwahara ◽  
Toshiko Murayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Ckd Progression ◽  
Dietary Acid Load ◽  
Net Endogenous Acid Production ◽  
Dietary Acid ◽  
Acid Load

Abstract Background Dietary acid load has been suggested to mediate the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, it is unclear what kinds of foods are actually associated with dietary acid load in patients with CKD. The self-administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ), which semi-quantitatively assesses the dietary habits of Japanese individuals through 150 question items, can estimate average daily intake of various foods and nutrients during the previous month. Using the DHQ, we investigated the association of dietary acid load with CKD progression. We also analyzed the kinds of food that significantly affect dietary acid load. Methods Subjects were 96 outpatients with CKD (average estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], 53.0 ± 18.1 ml/min/1.73 m2) at Niigata University Hospital, who had completed the DHQ in 2011. We calculated net endogenous acid production (NEAP) from potassium and protein intake evaluated by the DHQ in order to assess dietary acid load. CKD progression was assessed by comparing eGFR between 2008 and 2014. Results NEAP was not correlated with protein intake (r = 0.088, p = 0.398), but was negatively correlated with potassium intake (r = − 0.748, p < 0.001). Reduction in eGFR from 2008 to 2014 was estimated to be significantly greater in patients with higher NEAP (NEAP > 50.1 mEq/day, n = 45) than in those with lower NEAP (NEAP ≤50.1 mEq/day, n = 50) by 5.9 (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 0.1 to 11.6) ml/min/1.73 m2. According to multiple logistic regression analysis, higher NEAP was significantly associated with lower intake of fruits (odds ratio [OR], 6.454; 95%CI, 2.19 to 19.00), green and yellow vegetables (OR, 5.18; 95%CI, 1.83 to14.66), and other vegetables (OR, 3.87; 95%CI, 1.29 to 11.62). Conclusions Elevated NEAP could be a risk factor for CKD progression. Low intake of fruits and vegetables would increase dietary acid load and might affect the progression of renal dysfunction in Japanese CKD patients.

scholarly journals The Serum Metabolome Identifies Biomarkers of Dietary Acid Load in 2 Studies of Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey M Rebholz ◽  
Aditya Surapaneni ◽  
Andrew S Levey ◽  
Mark J Sarnak ◽  
Lesley A Inker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Acid Load ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Net Endogenous Acid Production ◽  
Dietary Acid ◽  
Acid Load

ABSTRACT Background Dietary acid load is a clinically important aspect of the diet that reflects the balance between acid-producing foods, for example, meat and cheese, and base-producing foods, for example, fruits and vegetables. Methods We used metabolomics to identify blood biomarkers of dietary acid load in 2 independent studies of chronic kidney disease patients: the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK, n = 689) and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD, n = 356) study. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the cross-sectional association between serum metabolites whose identity was known (outcome) and dietary acid load (exposure), estimated with net endogenous acid production (NEAP) based on 24-h urine urea nitrogen and potassium, and adjusted for age, sex, race, randomization group, measured glomerular filtration rate, log-transformed urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, history of cardiovascular disease, BMI, and smoking status. Results Out of the 757 known, nondrug metabolites identified in AASK, 26 were significantly associated with NEAP at the Bonferroni threshold for significance (P < 6.6 × 10−5). Twenty-three of the 26 metabolites were also identified in the MDRD study, and 13 of the 23 (57%) were significantly associated with NEAP (P < 2.2 × 10−3), including 5 amino acids (S-methylmethionine, indolepropionylglycine, indolepropionate, N-methylproline, N-δ-acetylornithine), 2 cofactors and vitamins (threonate, oxalate), 1 lipid (chiro-inositol), and 5 xenobiotics (methyl glucopyranoside, stachydrine, catechol sulfate, hippurate, and tartronate). Higher levels of all 13 replicated metabolites were associated with lower NEAP in both AASK and the MDRD study. Conclusion Metabolomic profiling of serum specimens from kidney disease patients in 2 study populations identified 13 replicated metabolites associated with dietary acid load. Additional studies are needed to validate these compounds in healthy populations. These 13 compounds may potentially be used as objective markers of dietary acid load in future nutrition research studies.

scholarly journals The association between dietary acid load and the migraine odds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Mousavi ◽  
Soodeh Razeghi Jahromi ◽  
Mansoureh Togha ◽  
Zeinab Ghorbani ◽  
Azita Hekmatdoost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Dietary Acid Load ◽  
Net Endogenous Acid Production ◽  
Dietary Acid ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Migraine Group ◽  
Headache Clinic ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: According to previous evidence, it has been shown that high acidic load in human body could affect inflammatory factors and the nitric oxide pathway. On the other hand, these factors are thought to play a role in initiation of migraine attacks. Therefore, we aimed to explore the association between dietary acid load and the odds of migraine in a case-control study.Methods: The migraine group (n=514, diagnosed according to the ICHDIII criteria) was recruited from a tertiary headache clinic. The controls consisted of 582 sex-matched healthy volunteers who were randomly selected from the general population. For dietary intake assessments, we used a validated 168-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Using three different measures, such as potential renal acid load (PRAL), net endogenous acid production (NEAP), and protein /potassium ratio for estimation of the dietary acid load.Results: According to multivariable logistic regression analysis, in comparison with the lowest tertile, highest tertile of dietary acid load measures including PRAL (OR=7.208, 95% CI 3.33– 15.55), NEAP (OR=4.108, 95% CI 1.924– 8.774), protein/potassium ratio (OR=4.127, 95% CI 1.933– 8.814) were shown to significantly increase odds of migraine (P for trend= <0.001).Conclusions: In this study, it was found that high dietary acid load may be associated with higher odds of migraine. Consequently, restricting dietary acid load could be beneficial in reducing the odds of developing migraine in susceptible subjects.

High dietary acid load score is not associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome in Iranian adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Noushin Mohammadifard ◽  
Golgis Karimi ◽  
Alireza Khosravi ◽  
Nizal Sarrafzadegan ◽  
Mahnaz Jozan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Acid Load ◽  
Net Endogenous Acid Production ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Dietary Acid ◽  
Acid Load

Abstract. Background and objective: The association between dietary acid load and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk is not well-known. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary acid load and the risk of MetS among Iranian adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 1430 Iranian adults. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Dietary acid load was estimated using potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP). MetS was defined according to the ATP-III criteria. The risk of MetS and its components was explored using logistic regression test. Results: Totally, 205 individuals were identified to have MetS. No significant association for MetS was found across the quartiles of PRAL and NEAP either in the crude model [Q4 PRAL: OR (95% CI): 0.94 (0.67–1.32), and NEAP: OR (95% CI): 0.88 (0.63–1.25)] or fully-adjusted model [Q4 PRAL: OR (95% CI): 0.90 (0.61–1.33), and NEAP: OR (95% CI): 1.05 (0.70–1.57)]. Amongst the components of MetS, higher scores of NEAP was associated with an increased risk of impaired blood sugar after adjustment for potential confounders [OR (95% CI): 1.35 (0.93–1.96)]. No significant association was found for other components either with PRAL or with NEAP. Conclusion: Our findings suggest no association between dietary acid load and MetS risk in Iranian adults. However, higher dietary acid load, measured by NEAP, but not PRAL, was associated with increased risk of impaired fasting blood sugar. Longitudinal studies are warranted to explore whether a diet low in potential acid load could reduce MetS risk.

scholarly journals Dietary Acid Load and Incident Chronic Kidney Disease: Results from the ARIC Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 427-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey M. Rebholz ◽  
Josef Coresh ◽  
Morgan E. Grams ◽  
Lyn M. Steffen ◽  
Cheryl A.M. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Hypertension Status ◽  
Dietary Acid Load ◽  
Diabetes Status ◽  
Dietary Acid ◽  
Acid Load

Background: Higher dietary acid load can result in metabolic acidosis and is associated with faster kidney disease progression in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the relationship between dietary acid load and incident CKD has not been evaluated. Methods: We conducted prospective analyses of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants without CKD at baseline (1987-1989, n = 15,055). Dietary acid load was estimated using the equation for potential renal acid load by Remer and Manz, incorporating dietary intake data from a food frequency questionnaire. Incident CKD was assessed from baseline through 2010 and defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 accompanied by 25% eGFR decline, CKD-related hospitalization or death or end-stage renal disease identified by linkage to the US Renal Data System registry. Results: In the overall study population, 55% were female, 26% were African-American and mean age at baseline was 54 years. During a median follow-up of 21 years, there were 2,351 (15.6%) incident CKD cases. After adjusting for demographics (age, sex, race-center), established risk factors (diabetes status, hypertension status, overweight/obese status, smoking status, education level, physical activity), caloric intake and baseline eGFR, higher dietary acid load were associated with higher risk of incident CKD (hazard ratio [HR] for quartile 4 vs. 1: 1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.28, p for trend = 0.02; HR per interquartile range increase: 1.06, 95% CI 1.00-1.11, p = 0.04). Conclusion: Dietary acid load is associated with incident CKD in a population-based sample. These data suggest a potential avenue for CKD risk reduction through diet.

scholarly journals A Vegan Diet Is Associated with a Significant Reduction in Dietary Acid Load: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 9998
Author(s):  
Alexander Müller ◽  
Amy Marisa Zimmermann-Klemd ◽  
Ann-Kathrin Lederer ◽  
Luciana Hannibal ◽  
Stefanie Kowarschik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Vegan Diet ◽  
Dietary Acid Load ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Net Endogenous Acid Production ◽  
Dietary Acid ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Vegan Group

The composition of diet strongly affects acid–base homeostasis. Western diets abundant in acidogenic foods (meat and cheese) and deficient in alkalizing foods (fruits and vegetables) increase dietary acid load (DAL). A high DAL has been associated with numerous health repercussions, including cardiovascular disease and type-2-diabetes. Plant-based diets have been associated with a lower DAL; however, the number of trials exploring this association is limited. This randomized-controlled trial sought to examine whether an isocaloric vegan diet lowers DAL as compared to a meat-rich diet. Forty-five omnivorous individuals were randomly assigned to a vegan diet (n = 23) or a meat-rich diet (n = 22) for 4 weeks. DAL was determined using potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) scores at baseline and after 3 and 4 weeks, respectively. After 3 weeks, median PRAL (−23.57 (23.87)) and mean NEAPR (12.85 ± 19.71) scores were significantly lower in the vegan group than in the meat-rich group (PRAL: 18.78 (21.04) and NEAPR: 60.93 ± 15.51, respectively). Effects were mediated by a lower phosphorus and protein intake in the vegan group. Our study suggests that a vegan diet is a potential means to reduce DAL, whereas a meat-rich diet substantially increases the DAL burden.

scholarly journals Epidemiologic Evidence for Association between a High Dietary Acid Load and the Breast Cancer Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-176
Author(s):  
Alvaro L. Ronco ◽  
Wilner Martínez-López ◽  
Beatriz Mendoza ◽  
Juan M. Calderón
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cell Transformation ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Dietary Acid Load ◽  
Epidemiologic Evidence ◽  
Net Endogenous Acid Production ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Dietary Acid ◽  
Acid Load

Background and Purpose: Dietary acid load contributes to metabolic acidosis, leading to inflammation and cell transformation, potentially implicated in cancer development. Albeit an increased risk of recurrence among BC survivors was reported for a high acid load, the epidemiologic evidence associating diet-dependent acid load and cancer risk, particularly for breast cancer (BC), is still very limited. Therefore, we have explored in the present study its role in BC risk. Methods: A case-control study was performed on 1461 patients (572 BC cases and 889 age-frequency matched controls), through a multi-topic questionnaire, which included a food frequency questionnaire. Food-derived nutrients were calculated from available databases. The dietary acid load was calculated based on existing measures as potential renal acid load (PRAL) score and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) score. Odds Ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated by logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: We found direct associations between dietary acid load and BC risk. Both scores were significantly associated (OR=2.46 and OR=1.78 for highest PRAL and NEAP, respectively). A positive BC family history involved higher risks (OR=6.14 and OR=3.38 for highest PRAL and NEAP, respectively). Linear trends were found in all overall and stratified analyses. Conclusions: Results suggest that a low acid load dietary style may reduce BC risk since both PRAL and NEAP scores were directly associated with meat intake and inversely associated with plant-based foods intake. The findings agree with studies focused on food groups and dietary patterns. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings. Doi: 10.28991/SciMedJ-2021-0302-8 Full Text: PDF

scholarly journals The association between dietary acid load and muscle strength among Iranian adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Mohammadpour ◽  
Farhang Djafari ◽  
Samira Davarzani ◽  
Kurosh Djafarian ◽  
Cain C. T. Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Acid Load ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Net Endogenous Acid Production ◽  
Dietary Acid ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Load Indices

Abstract Objective There is limited evidence regarding the association between dietary acid load and muscle strength. Thus, in this study, we investigated the association between dietary acid–base load indices and muscle strength among Iranian adults. Results This cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 Iranian adults, aged 18–70 year. Dietary acid load indexes, were calculated by using a validated 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Muscle strength was measured by a digital handgrip dynamometer. There was a significant increase in mean muscle strength of left-hand (MSL), muscle strength of right-hand (MSR) and the mean of the MSL and MSR (MMS) across tertiles of Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL), Net Endogenous Acid Production (NEAP), and Dietary Acid Load (DAL). Significant linear relationships between PRAL and; MSL (β = 0.24, p < 0.001), MSR (β = 0.23, p < 0.001) and MMS (β = 0.24, p < 0.001), between NEAP and MSL (β = 0.21, p < 0.001), MSR (β = 0.19, p = 0.002), and MMS (β = 0.20, p = 0.001) and between DAL and MSL (β = 0.25, p < 0.001), MSR (β = 0.23, p < 0.001) and MMS (β = 0.24, p < 0.001), were attenuated after controlling for potential confounders. However, the nonlinear relationship between dietary acid load indicators and muscle strength were significant (p < 0.001 for all).

scholarly journals Dietary Acid Load Is Positively Associated with the Incidence of Hyperuricemia in Middle-Aged and Older Korean Adults: Findings from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10260
Author(s):  
Dayeon Shin ◽  
Kyung Won Lee
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Epidemiology Study ◽  
Dietary Acid Load ◽  
Korean Adults ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Net Endogenous Acid Production ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Dietary Acid ◽  
Acid Load

Hyperuricemia has been associated with a number of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Dietary acid load plays a key role in regulating uric acid levels. We hypothesized that potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) score would be positively associated with the incidence of hyperuricemia. Data from the Health Examinees study, a part of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were used. The PRAL and NEAP scores were calculated to evaluate the dietary acid load. Hyperuricemia was defined as follows: >7.0 mg/dL and >6.0 mg/dL of serum uric acid levels in men and women, respectively. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the incidence of hyperuricemia. We identified 2500 new cases of hyperuricemia during a mean follow-up of 5.0 years (223,552 person years). The participants in the highest quartiles of the PRAL and NEAP score had 21% (HR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.07–1.35, p for trend <0.0001) and 17% (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.04–1.31, p for trend <0.0001) higher risks for hyperuricemia, respectively, than those in the lowest quartiles, after adjusting for covariates. In this prospective cohort study, a higher dietary acid load was positively associated with a higher incidence of hyperuricemia in Korean adults. This suggests that an alkaline diet may be an effective strategy to reduce the future risk of elevated uric acid levels.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document