Seropositivity and Risk Factors of Brucella Infection in Small Ruminants that had History of Recent Abortion in the Afar Region of North-Eastern Ethiopia

Abstract Background: Brucellosis is one of the most important reproductive disease causes abortion and breeding failure in small ruminants and also causes severe systemic diseases in exposed humans. In Ethiopia, several studies of seroprevalence shows the magnitude and distribution of brucellosis both in animals and humans vary in different geographical localities. However, except few studies in Ethiopia all these serological studies was limited to RBPT and CFT, so far not supplemented with a varities of serological tests like ELISA to detect brucella infection, which is increase the likehood of detecting infected individulas and also improve the reliability of epidemiological data for appropriate control strategies. Hence, the present study was conducted in Amibara district of Afar Region, Ethiopia to detect the seropositivity and risk factor of Brucella infection in small ruminants that had history of recent abortion using mRBPT, cELISA and CFT. Materials and methods: Sera were collected from 226 animals (195 goats and 31sheep) and assessed for seropositivity of Brucella infection using modified Rose Bengal Plate Test (mRBPT), Complement Fixation Test (CFT) and competitive Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (cELISA).Results : In this study the over all seroprevalence was 12.0% (27 out of 226), 7.5% (17 out of 226) and 26.6% (60 out of 226) by mRBPT, CFT and cELISA, respectively. Out of 27 sera which were reactive by mRBPT, 17 (63.0%) were also reactive by (CFT). Out of the 17 sera which were reactive by CFT and mRBPT, 14 (82.4%) were reactive by cELISA. Out of the 29 sera which were non-reactive both by mRBPT and CFT, 10 (34.5%) were found to be reactive by cELISA. Out of the 226 sera which were tested both by mRBPT and cELISA, 20 (8.9%) were reactive by both tests, while 159 (70.4%) were non-reactive by both tests. The percentage of test agreement (79.2%) between mRBPT and cELISA was poor (k= 0.353). A high seropositivity for Brucella infection was significantly associated with the presence of retained placenta in the study animals (adjusted OR= 2.2, 95%CI, 1.1-4.4, P=0.030) as detected by cELISA. Conclusion: The findings of this study could suggest that brucellosis is main cause of abortion and breeding failure in small ruminants that had histry of recent abortion in the pastoral communities’ andwarrants the need for proactive measures to reduce its economic impact and risk of zoonotic transmission. This study indicates that cELISA based seroepidemiological survey increase the likehood of detecting infected individulas of brucellosis and also would be useful to provide reliable evidence for Brucella infection in small ruminants compared to mRBPT.

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Seropositivity and risk factors of Brucella infection in small ruminants that had history of recent abortion in the afar region of north-eastern Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-120166/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Muluken Tekle ◽

Mengistu Legesse ◽

Gobena Ameni ◽

Gezahegne Mamo

Keyword(s):

Control Strategies ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

Brucella Infection ◽

Afar Region ◽

Breeding Failure ◽

History Of ◽

Proactive Measures

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Trends in malaria cases and stratification of malaria incidence in the malaria elimination setting, Harari Region, Eastern Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-34668/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Endashaw Esayas ◽

Asefa Tufa ◽

Fekadu Massebo ◽

Abdulhamid Ahemed ◽

Ibssa Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Malaria Elimination ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Malaria Incidence ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Malaria Prevention ◽

Scaling Up ◽

Malaria Risk ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

And Control

Abstract Abstract Background: Ethiopia has shown a notable progress in reducing the burden of malaria over the last two decades. Based on the progress, the country shifted from control to elimination of malaria. This study was conducted to analyse trends in malaria cases and stratification of malaria incidence in the malaria elimination setting in eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A retrospective malaria data recorded from 2013 to 2019 were reviewed from Harari Region, eastern Ethiopia. In addition, three years malaria data were used to assess the sub-district ( kebele ) level stratification of malaria incidence. Results: A total of 44,882 (46.9%) malaria cases were detected from 95,629 malaria-suspected outpatient diagnosed in Harari Region from 2013 to 2019. Of these, 41,046 were confirmed malaria cases (microscopically and rapid diagnostic test) while 3,836 were reported as clinical cases. In the region, malaria trend was fluctuating year to year, the high peak was reported in 2016 but malaria cases showed decreasing trend in number of malaria cases from 2017 to 2019. Plasmodium falciparum , P. vivax and mixed infections were accounted for 69.2%, 30.6% and 0.2% of the cases, respectively. The malaria risk appears to be heterogeneous and varies between districts, higher number of malaria cases were recorded in Jenella, Erer and Amir Nur districts, and about 80% of the cases were from these districts. According to the latest (2019) sub-district ( kebele ) level epidemiological data of malaria stratification, 8.3% of the sub-districts in the Harari region reported no malaria and a majority (61.1%) of sub-districts reported fewer than five cases per thousand population. Furthermore, there were no high malaria strata in the Region. The highest peak of malaria cases in the Region was reported from September to November followed by from April to May. Conclusions: In the Harari Region, the retrospective malaria data showed a significant declining trend. Thus, if this achievement is sustained and scaling-up of the existing malaria prevention and control strategies by focusing on those populations living in the higher malaria transmission districts and sub-districts, planning of malaria elimination from the study area might be feasible. Key words: Elimination, Harari region, Ethiopia, Incidence, Malaria, Sub-district, Stratification

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Revisiting Brucellosis in Small Ruminants of Western Border Areas in Pakistan

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9110929 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 929 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tariq Jamil ◽

Khushal Khan Kasi ◽

Falk Melzer ◽

Muhammad Saqib ◽

Qudrat Ullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Kappa Statistics ◽

Flock Size ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Perfect Agreement ◽

Parallel Testing ◽

Brucella Infection ◽

Western Border

Brucellosis, globally known bacterial zoonosis, is endemic to Pakistan. B. abortus in bovines, B. melitensis in small ruminants and B. canis in dogs mainly cause this disease. A total of 1821 sera (1196 from sheep and 625 from goats) from animal herds near the Pakistan–Afghanistan border were collected. In parallel testing of sera for anti-Brucella antibodies (B. abortus and B. melitensis) was carried out by RBPT and indirect ELISA. The presence of Brucella DNA in sera was tested by real-time PCR. The overall percentage of seropositive samples was 0.99 (18/1821) by both tests. All positive samples originated from Baluchistan territory which translated into 1.76% (18/1021). None of the positive sera had signals for Brucella DNA and none of sera from goats carried detectable antibodies. Both tests showed an almost perfect agreement with Kappa statistics. The flock size was found to be associated with the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies. The samples of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) tested negative in both serological tests and hence were not processed for real-time PCR. The present study shows the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies in sheep in the Baluchistan region of Pakistan. Diagnostic services need to be improved and test and slaughter policies might be implemented for eradication of Brucella infection in these areas. Awareness about the infection is needed at the farmer’s level. Isolation and molecular biology of the isolates could help with understanding the prevailing etiology in a better way.

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Acute Brucellosis with a Guillain-Barre Syndrome-Like Presentation: A Case Report and Literature Review

Infectious Disease Reports ◽

10.3390/idr13010001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Ali Alanazi ◽

Sara Al Najjar ◽

Jnadi Madkhali ◽

Yaser Al Malik ◽

Athal Al-Khalaf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Neuropathy ◽

Literature Review ◽

Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Brucella Infection ◽

Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽

History Of ◽

Guillain Barré ◽

Age Range ◽

Spine Mri

Introduction: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that can affect the central and peripheral nervous system and it has variable neurological manifestation. However, brucellosis infection that presents with acute peripheral neuropathy mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is rarely reported in the literature. Objective and method: We report a 56-year-old man who was initially diagnosed with GBS, and then he was confirmed to have acute Brucella infection. We also did a systematic literature review to study the natural history and management of previously reported cases of brucellosis that presented with manifestations consistent with GBS. Results: We found 19 (including our patient) cases of brucellosis that presented with GBS-like manifestations. The age range was 9–62 years. Eight (42.1%) patients had a history of fever. Seven (36.8%) patients had no constitutional symptoms. Five (26.3%) patients had splenomegaly. Brucella serological tests were positive in all patients, while blood Brucella culture was positive in three (37.5%) out of eight patients. Albuminocytological dissociation was present in nine (64.3%) out of 14 patients. Nerve conduction studies and electromyography were consistent with demyelination polyneuropathy in eight (42.1%) patients, with axonal polyneuropathy in six (31.6) patients, and with mixed axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathy in one (5.3%) patient. Spine MRI showed root enhancement in three (42.9%) patients. Conclusion: In regions endemic with brucellosis, acute peripheral neuropathy presentation may warrant investigations for Brucella infection.

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Mycoplasma agalactiae, an Etiological Agent of Contagious Agalactia in Small Ruminants: A Review

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2014/286752 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Amit Kumar ◽

Anu Rahal ◽

Sandip Chakraborty ◽

Amit Kumar Verma ◽

Kuldeep Dhama

Keyword(s):

Control Strategies ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Chromosomal Dna ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Mycoplasma Agalactiae ◽

Contagious Agalactia ◽

Pcr Multiplex ◽

Inactivated Vaccines

Mycoplasma agalactiaeis one of the causal agents of classical contagious agalactia (CA), a serious, economically important but neglected enzootic disease of small ruminants. It occurs in many parts of the world and most notably in the Mediterranean Basin. Following the infection common complications are septicaemia, mastitis, arthritis, pleurisy, pneumonia, and keratoconjunctivitis. Primary or tentative diagnosis of the organism is based upon clinical signs. Various serological tests, namely, growth precipitation, immunofluorescence, complement fixation test, haemagglutination inhibition, agglutination, immunodiffusion, enzyme immunoassays, immunoelectrophoresis, blotting techniques, and others, are available. Molecular tools seem to be much more sensitive, specific, and faster and help to differentiate various strains. The real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, quantitative PCR, PCR-RFLP, MLST, and gene probes, complementary to segments of chromosomal DNA or 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), have strengthened the diagnosis ofM. agalactiae. Both live attenuated and adjuvant (alum precipitated or saponified) inactivated vaccines are available with greater use of inactivated ones due to lack of side effects. The present review discusses the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical signs of contagious agalactia in small ruminants along with trends and advances in its diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, prevention, and control strategies that will help in countering this disease.

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Serological investigation of brucellosis and its association with abortion in sheep and goats in selected districts of Jimma zone, southwestern Ethiop

Ethiopian Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/evj.v24i1.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dereje Tulu ◽

Abiy Gojam ◽

Benti Deresa

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Health Impact ◽

Flock Size ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Jimma Zone ◽

History Of ◽

The Difference ◽

Associated Risk Factors

The occurrence of brucellosis in different species of livestock has been reported from different parts of Ethiopia, however, the serostatus and risk factors of this disease in small ruminants is not well documented in southwestern parts of the country. This study was conducted from October 2016 to October 2017 to investigate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of brucellosis as well as its association with abortion in sheep and goats in selected districts of Jimma zone. A total of 804 small ruminants (402 sheep and 402 goats) were randomly selected and blood samples were collected for serological tests. The presence of antibody to Brucella was screened by Rose Bengal Plate Test and confirmed using the complement fixation test. Seroprevalence of 4.2% in sheep and 5.2% in goats was recorded in this study. An overall seroprevalence of 4.7% was recorded in small ruminants in the study areas. Brucella seropositivity was observed more frequently among sheep and goats with a history of abortion (6.7%) than animals that have no history of abortion (3.7%), however, the difference noted was not statistically significant. Older age (OR 3.9, CI = 1.43-9.94), pregnancy (OR 2.6, CI = 1.19-5.72), late term gestation (OR 2.4, CI = 1.54-3.78), mixed flock (OR 2.8, CI = 1.33-5.89) and larger flock size (OR 2.7, CI = 1.08-6.95) were noted to have more number of reactors. Hence, it is important to consider brucellosis as one of the diseases that needs attention and further study should be conducted to identify the circulating Brucella species and other causes of abortion in sheep and goats. Besides, this finding warrants the need for further investigation on its public health impact in the region. Keywords: Brucellosis; Epidemiology; Sheep; Goat; Jimma Zone

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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Brucella Infection in Camels in the Puntland State of Somalia

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci8070137 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 137

Author(s):

Ahmed Said Mohamud ◽

John Pilate Kothowa ◽

Ruth Lindizyani Mfune ◽

Melai Mubanga ◽

Jacques Godfroid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Antibody Detection ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Seropositive Animal

Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by members of the genus Brucella. Camel brucellosis has been reported in almost all camel-rearing countries in Africa and Asia. A cross-sectional study was conducted between February 2020 and February 2021 in Galkayo, Garowe, and Bosaso districts in the Puntland State of Somalia to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in camels. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) was used to detect anti-Brucella antibodies, while a structured questionnaire was used to collect epidemiological data. A total of 441 camel sera were screened against Brucella antibodies. Thirty-one (7%; 95% CI: 4.8–9.8%) samples were positive, and thirteen (54.2%; 95% CI: 32.8–74.4%) out of the twenty-four farms sampled had at least one seropositive animal. Galkayo district had the highest number of Brucella-seropositive camels (10.3%), followed by Bosaso district (8.6%), while Garowe district had the lowest number of seropositive camels (1.4%). The binary logistic regression model revealed that camels in Galkayo district (p = 0.015; OR: 9.428; 95% CI: 1.539–57.755), camels from large herd sizes of >50 animals (p = 0.019; OR: 5.822; 95% CI: 1.336–25.371), and those in contact with small ruminants (p = 0.011; OR: 10.941; 95% CI: 1.728–69.285) were significantly associated with seropositive cases of camel brucellosis in the Puntland State of Somalia. The present study shows that Brucella infections in camels are prevalent in the three districts covered by the study. This poses a public health risk, because milk from these camels is used for human consumption. Studies focusing on the isolation of Brucella strains in camels and investigating brucellosis in ruminants and humans are recommended in the study area. Validation of serological tests—including c-ELISA—for Brucella antibody detection in camels is also needed.

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Trends in Malaria Cases and Stratification of Malaria Incidence in the Malaria Elimination Setting, Harari Region, Eastern Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-33605/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Endashaw Esayas ◽

Kebede Deribe ◽

Fekadu Massebo ◽

Solomon Yared ◽

Asefa Tufa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Malaria Elimination ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Malaria Incidence ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Malaria Prevention ◽

Scaling Up ◽

Malaria Risk ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

And Control

Abstract Background: Ethiopia has shown a notable progress in reducing the burden of malaria over the last two decades. Based on the progress, the country shifted from control to elimination of malaria. This study was conducted to analyse trends in malaria cases and stratification of malaria incidence in the malaria elimination setting in eastern Ethiopia.Methods: A retrospective malaria data recorded from 2013 to 2019 were reviewed from Harari Region, eastern Ethiopia. In addition, three years malaria data were used to assess the sub-district (kebele) level stratification of malaria incidence.Results: A total of 44,882 (46.9%) malaria cases were detected from 95,629 malaria-suspected outpatient diagnosed in Harari Region from 2013 to 2019. Of these, 41,046 were confirmed malaria cases (microscopically and rapid diagnostic test) while 3,836 were reported as clinical cases. In the region, malaria trend was fluctuating year to year, the high peak was reported in 2016 but malaria cases showed decreasing trend in number of malaria cases from 2017 to 2019. Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and mixed infections were accounted for 69.2%, 30.6% and 0.2% of the cases, respectively. The malaria risk appears to be heterogeneous and varies between districts, higher number of malaria cases were recorded in Jenella, Erer and Amir Nur districts, and about 80% of the cases were from these districts. According to the latest (2019) sub-district (kebele) level epidemiological data of malaria stratification, 8.3% of the sub-districts in the Harari region reported no malaria and a majority (61.1%) of sub-districts reported fewer than five cases per thousand population. Furthermore, there were no high malaria strata in the Region. The highest peak of malaria cases in the Region was reported from September to November followed by from April to May.Conclusions: In the Harari Region, the retrospective malaria data showed a significant declining trend. Thus, if this achievement is sustained and scaling-up of the existing malaria prevention and control strategies by focusing on those populations living in the higher malaria transmission districts and sub-districts, planning of malaria elimination from the study area might be feasible.

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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Small Ruminant Brucellosis in West Hararghe Zone of Oromia Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2021/6671554 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Umer Seid Geletu ◽

Munera Ahmednur Usmael ◽

Yesihak Yusuf Mummed

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Small Ruminant ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Confirmatory Test ◽

Flock Size ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Sera Samples

A cross-sectional study design was employed on collected sera samples to investigate brucellosis in small ruminants from December 2018 to November 2019 with the objectives of estimating the seroprevalence and potential risk factors for the occurrence of brucellosis in small ruminants in selected districts of West Hararghe: Chiro, Hirna, and Mieso. A total of 2070 collected sera samples from small ruminants were tested using serological tests and screened by RBPT and confirmatory test (CFT). The overall seroprevalence of the present study was 0.24% in small ruminants (Chiro 0.2%, Hirna 0%, and Mieso 0.3%). The chi-square test (Stat 14.0) was used to determine the strength of potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of brucellosis by using univariable logistic regression. Mixed flock (OR = 2.11 (1.33–3.36 CI; P = 0.002 )), agropastoral (OR = 4.01 (2.35–6.84 CI; P = 0.0001 )) and pastoral (OR = 2.59 (1.37–4.90 CI; P = 0004 )) production system, and larger flock size (OR = 1.68 (1.08–2.60 CI; P = 0.021 ) were factors significantly affecting the prevalence of small ruminant brucellosis. Univariable analysis was used, and independent predictors of small ruminant brucellosis were further analyzed using multilogistic regression. This disease was presented in the current study area; therefore, the careful separation of positive animals would help to prevent and control further distribution of the disease.

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Etiology and clinical features of epididymo-orchitis: A single-center study in Tehran, Iran

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871526520666200218115400 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sara Abolghasemi ◽

Mohammad Alizadeh ◽

Ali Hashemi ◽

Shabnam Tehrani

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Urine Culture ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Urinary Frequency ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Duration Of Symptoms ◽

Two Samples ◽

History Of ◽

Tract Infections

Introduction: Epididymo-orchitis is a common urological disease among men. Little is known about the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the disease in Iran. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate the etiology, clinical sequelae and risk factors of patients with epididymo-orchitis in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: Patients presenting with epididymo-orchitis were prospectively analyzed in order to study the etiology and pattern of the disease. Bacteriological, molecular and serological tests were undertaken to look for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Brucella spp., Mycoplasma spp, and other bacteria. Results: Fifty patients with epididymo-orchitis were evaluated according to their clinical symptoms, duration of symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory studies. The mean age of the patients was 53 years. Fever, dysuria, pain in the flanks, urinary frequency and discharges occurred in 58.0%, 50.0%, 50.0%, 28.0% and 6.0%, respectively. Bacterial pathogen was identified in 26% (13/50) of patients by urine culture. Escherichia coli was the etiological agent in 11/13 patients (84.6%). Two out of 50 patients (4.0%) were also positive for Chlamydia trachomatis. Two samples were serologically positive for Brucella spp. High Mean age, fever, urinary frequency, history of the underlying disease and history of urinary tract infections were found to have a significant association with the positive bacteriologic urine culture (P<0.05). Conclusions: The most common clinical manifestations were fever, dysuria, and abdominal pain. E. coli and C. trachomatis were the major causative agents. Use of a set of diagnostic approaches including clinical symptoms, urine culture and more precise techniques such as PCR should be taken into consideration for the definitive diagnosis.

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