scholarly journals Multi-methodological study of Early Modern Age archaeological glazed ceramics from Prague

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Klouzkova ◽  
Martina Kohoutkova ◽  
Maria Kolarova ◽  
Gabriela Blazkova ◽  
Radka Sefcu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Distillation Apparatus ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Technical Ceramics ◽  
High Lead ◽  
Made In

Abstract A set of scientific methods (X-ray analyses, optical and electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermal analyses) was used for research of ceramic bodies and glazes of forty vessels from Renaissance Prague. The set of early modern age archaeological glazed ceramics contained tableware, kitchenware and technical ceramics. The main aim was to characterize ceramic materials and glazes over two centuries. Attention was also paid to identification of defects and corrosion products of the glazes. The research was conducted with an emphasis on the context of the original use of ceramic artefacts and the environment of waste pits from which they were excavated. Among the archaeological finding, three vessels of technical ceramics were found (a rectifier, a bowl and a jar) which together could have formed a distillation apparatus. Since these vessels represent a unique finding, they were subjected to a detailed survey. Based on the similarity of ceramic bodies and glazes, it was proved that the three vessels of technical ceramics were made in the same workshop and were parts of one distillation apparatus. The results of the performed analyses proved that the studied vessels were manufactured from raw materials with high content of a plastic component and that the raw materials did not change significantly during the period from 15th to 18th centuries. The firing temperature of most of the vessels did not exceed 1000 °C. It was proved that all glazes were middle- or high-lead glazes and were coloured with ionic pigments.

scholarly journals Multi-methodical study of Early Modern Age archaeological glazed ceramics from Prague

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Kloužková ◽  
Martina Kohoutková ◽  
Mária Kolářová ◽  
Gabriela Blažková ◽  
Radka Ševců ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Distillation Apparatus ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Technical Ceramic ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Technical Ceramics ◽  
Ceramic Vessels

Abstract A series of scientific methods (X-ray analyses, optical and electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermal analyses) was used to research the ceramic bodies and glazes of forty vessels from Renaissance Prague. The set of Early Modern Age archaeological glazed ceramics contained tableware, kitchenware and technical ceramics. The main aim was to characterise ceramic materials and glazes used over two centuries. Attention was also paid to the identification of defects and corrosion products of the glazes. The research was conducted with an emphasis on the context of the original use of the ceramic artefacts and the environment of the waste pits from which they were excavated. The archaeological finds include three technical ceramic vessels (a rectifier, a bowl and a jar), which together could have formed a distillation apparatus. Since these vessels represent a rare finding, they were subjected to a detailed investigation. Based on the similarity of ceramic bodies and glazes, it was proved that the three technical ceramic vessels were made in the same workshop and were parts of one distillation apparatus. The results of the performed analyses determined that the studied vessels were manufactured from raw materials with a high content of a plastic component and that the raw materials did not change significantly during the period from the 15th to 18th centuries. The firing temperature of most of the vessels did not exceed 1000 °C. It was proved that all the glazes were medium- or high-lead content glazes and were coloured with ionic pigments.

scholarly journals Multi-Methodical Study of Early Modern Age Archaeological Glazed Ceramics from Prague

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Kloužková ◽  
Martina Kohoutková ◽  
Mária Kolářová ◽  
Gabriela Blažková ◽  
Radka Šefců ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Distillation Apparatus ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Technical Ceramic ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Technical Ceramics ◽  
Ceramic Vessels

Abstract A series of scientific methods (X-ray analyses, optical and electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermal analyses) was used to research the ceramic bodies and glazes of forty vessels from Renaissance Prague. The set of Early Modern Age archaeological glazed ceramics contained tableware, kitchenware and technical ceramics. The main aim was to characterise ceramic materials and glazes used over two centuries. Attention was also paid to the identification of defects and corrosion products of the glazes. The research was conducted with an emphasis on the context of the original use of the ceramic artefacts and the environment of the waste pits from which they were excavated. The archaeological finds include three technical ceramic vessels (a rectifier, a bowl and a jar), which together could have formed a distillation apparatus. Since these vessels represent a rare finding, they were subjected to a detailed investigation. Based on the similarity of ceramic bodies and glazes, it was proved that the three technical ceramic vessels were made in the same workshop and were parts of one distillation apparatus. The results of the performed analyses determined that the studied vessels were manufactured from raw materials with a high content of a plastic component and that the raw materials did not change significantly during the period from the 15th to 18th centuries. The firing temperature of most of the vessels did not exceed 1000 °C. It was proved that all the glazes were medium- or high-lead content glazes and were coloured with ionic pigments.

scholarly journals Sintering Behavior, Thermal Expansion, and Environmental Impacts Accompanying Materials of the Al2O3/ZrO2 System Fabricated via Slip Casting

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3365
Author(s):  
Justyna Zygmuntowicz ◽  
Magdalena Gizowska ◽  
Justyna Tomaszewska ◽  
Paulina Piotrkiewicz ◽  
Radosław Żurowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Slip Casting ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Sintering Behavior ◽  
Environmental Loads ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Technical Ceramics

This work focuses on research on obtaining and characterizing Al2O3/ZrO2 materials formed via slip casting method. The main emphasis in the research was placed on environmental aspects and those related to the practical use of ceramic materials. The goal was to analyze the environmental loads associated with the manufacturing of Al2O3/ZrO2 composites, as well as to determine the coefficient of thermal expansion of the obtained materials, classified as technical ceramics. This parameter is crucial in terms of their practical applications in high-temperature working conditions, e.g., as parts of industrial machines. The study reports on the four series of Al2O3/ZrO2 materials differing in the volume content of ZrO2. The sintering process was preceded by thermogravimetric measurements. The fabricated and sintered materials were characterized by dilatometric study, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and stereological analysis. Further, life cycle assessment was supplied. Based on dilatometric tests, it was observed that Al2O3/ZrO2 composites show a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than that resulting from the content of individual phases. The results of the life cycle analysis showed that the environmental loads (carbon footprint) resulting from the acquisition and processing of raw materials necessary for the production of sinters from Al2O3 and ZrO2 are comparable to those associated with the production of plastic products such as polypropylene or polyvinyl chloride.

Forme della presenza mercantile spagnola a Roma all'inizio dell'etŕ moderna: spunti per un confronto europeo

STORIA URBANA ◽  
2009 ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Manuel Vaquero Pineiro
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Spanish Colonies

- The different forms of presence of Spanish merchants in Rome since the beginning of Early Modern Age: ideas for a debate at European level. Between the 15th and the 16th centuries, due also to the political coverage offered by the empire of Charles V, both Castilians and Catalans succeeded in establishing themselves as the most dynamic merchants in Europe. The control they had over strategic raw materials such as wool, iron and alum and their privileged position gave them easy access to monetary flows in the coastal cities from Flanders to the Mediterranean, where a number Spanish colonies were established. These cities were soon granted with major privileges by local authorities, which fostered the settling of merchants and bankers in certain areas therein. The result, as in the case of Bruges, was the creation of districts protected by exclusive jurisdictional rights or, as in the case of Rome, a random scattering of the new settlers, with no real reference points. In the mid 16th century, in Rome the distribution of places of work and residence followed no national or religious criteria. The complex structure of social relations was thus reflected also in Rome topography.

Archaeometry of ceramic materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Eramo ◽  
Annarosa Mangone
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Technical Ceramics ◽  
Production Technologies

Abstract Ceramics are among the most studied findings, one of the best markers for providing technological and functional information in archaeological contexts. Their chemical-mineralogical characterization allows to answer a large number of historical-archaeological questions about classification, provenance, production technologies, trade routes, economic exchange, etc. The best methodological approach not only integrates morphological-stylistic studies to the archaeometric ones, but also includes a synergic instrumental strategy aimed both to take advantage of each different analytical technique to the best of its potentiality and to over step the problems connected to the preciousness and uniqueness of the objects. As far as the mineralogical and petrographical composition of preindustrial ceramics is concerned, its determination is crucial to answer provenance and technological issues like raw materials procurement and the production processes in this respect, equivalent firing temperature, redox atmosphere during firing are important factors that help in understanding the relevant mineralogical and micro-structural transformations. In this paper, we illustrate how an integrated approach of analytical techniques, tested on different classes of ceramics – pottery with spathic calcite, Apulian red figure pottery and technical ceramics – can provide answers to archaeological questions.

Comparison of Porous Ceramic Materials with Low Thermal Expansion Coefficient Prepared with SiC and Black-Al2O3

2008 ◽  
Vol 569 ◽  
pp. 321-324
Author(s):  
Isaías Juárez-Ramírez ◽  
Koji Matsumaru ◽  
Kozo Ishizaki ◽  
Leticia M. Torres-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Porous Ceramic ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Low Thermal Expansion ◽  
New Phase ◽  
Porous Ceramic Materials ◽  
Made In

Porous ceramic materials with low thermal expansion (LTE) at room temperature were prepared by heating a mixture of SiC or black-Al2O3, vitrified bonding material (VBM) and LiAlSiO4 at temperatures from 850°C to 1100°C. The mixture was prepared in adequate proportions to obtain a material with LTE according to previous works made in our laboratory. It was observed that a change in temperature provoked the formation of a new phase, LiAlSi3O8, which appears above 900°C. The presence of this new phase did not affect the thermal expansion value, keeping LTE at room temperature. All compounds showed around 40% of porosity, and Young’s modulus values of 30 GPa using black-Al2O3 or SiC. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) revealed that above 900°C the phase LiAlSi3O8 starts to appear as a consequence of the melting of VBM, which is reacting with the raw materials. SEM micrographs showed the presence of SiC or black-Al2O3 grains joined by VBM, which is acting as a bridge between them.

scholarly journals Cerâmicas de Vila Franca de Xira nos séculos XV e XVI

2020 ◽  
pp. 1865-1878
Author(s):  
Eva Pires
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Urban Center ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Materials Analysis ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Town

The archaeological intervention in the Ateneu Artístico Vilafranquense site in 2007, in the context of preventive archaeology, revealed data about the urban center of Vila Franca de Xira during the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Age. The study of the entire set of materials from this intervention, made up of ceramics, faunal remains, glass, metals and lithic materials, allowed us to infer the domestic nature of this context comprised of the town population’s consumption remains. We present the final results of the ceramic materials analysis, which correspond to a total of 492 identifiable objects (NMI), mainly related to the 15th and 16th centuries.

European experience in transition to circular economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Ratner
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
National Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
European Experience ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Eu

Subject. The article considers the concept of circular economy, which has originated relatively recently in the academic literature, and is now increasingly recognized in many countries at the national level. In the European Union, the transition to circular economy is viewed as an opportunity to improve competitiveness of the European Union, protect businesses from resource shortages and fluctuating prices for raw materials and supplies, and a way to increase employment and innovation. Objectives. The aim of the study is to analyze the incentives developed by the European Commission for moving to circular economy, and to assess their effectiveness on the basis of statistical analysis. Methods. I employ general scientific methods of research. Results. The analysis of the EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy enabled to conclude that the results of the recent research in circular economy barriers, eco-innovation, technology and infrastructure were successfully integrated into the framework of this document. Understanding the root causes holding back the circular economy development and the balanced combination of economic and administrative incentives strengthened the Action Plan, and it contributed to the circular economy development in the EU. Conclusions. The measures to stimulate the development of the circular economy proposed in the European Action Plan can be viewed as a prototype for designing similar strategies in other countries, including Russia. Meanwhile, a more detailed analysis of barriers to the circular economy at the level of individual countries and regions is needed.

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