Archaeometry of ceramic materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Eramo ◽  
Annarosa Mangone
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Technical Ceramics ◽  
Production Technologies

Abstract Ceramics are among the most studied findings, one of the best markers for providing technological and functional information in archaeological contexts. Their chemical-mineralogical characterization allows to answer a large number of historical-archaeological questions about classification, provenance, production technologies, trade routes, economic exchange, etc. The best methodological approach not only integrates morphological-stylistic studies to the archaeometric ones, but also includes a synergic instrumental strategy aimed both to take advantage of each different analytical technique to the best of its potentiality and to over step the problems connected to the preciousness and uniqueness of the objects. As far as the mineralogical and petrographical composition of preindustrial ceramics is concerned, its determination is crucial to answer provenance and technological issues like raw materials procurement and the production processes in this respect, equivalent firing temperature, redox atmosphere during firing are important factors that help in understanding the relevant mineralogical and micro-structural transformations. In this paper, we illustrate how an integrated approach of analytical techniques, tested on different classes of ceramics – pottery with spathic calcite, Apulian red figure pottery and technical ceramics – can provide answers to archaeological questions.

scholarly journals Sintering Behavior, Thermal Expansion, and Environmental Impacts Accompanying Materials of the Al2O3/ZrO2 System Fabricated via Slip Casting

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3365
Author(s):  
Justyna Zygmuntowicz ◽  
Magdalena Gizowska ◽  
Justyna Tomaszewska ◽  
Paulina Piotrkiewicz ◽  
Radosław Żurowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Slip Casting ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Sintering Behavior ◽  
Environmental Loads ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Technical Ceramics

This work focuses on research on obtaining and characterizing Al2O3/ZrO2 materials formed via slip casting method. The main emphasis in the research was placed on environmental aspects and those related to the practical use of ceramic materials. The goal was to analyze the environmental loads associated with the manufacturing of Al2O3/ZrO2 composites, as well as to determine the coefficient of thermal expansion of the obtained materials, classified as technical ceramics. This parameter is crucial in terms of their practical applications in high-temperature working conditions, e.g., as parts of industrial machines. The study reports on the four series of Al2O3/ZrO2 materials differing in the volume content of ZrO2. The sintering process was preceded by thermogravimetric measurements. The fabricated and sintered materials were characterized by dilatometric study, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and stereological analysis. Further, life cycle assessment was supplied. Based on dilatometric tests, it was observed that Al2O3/ZrO2 composites show a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than that resulting from the content of individual phases. The results of the life cycle analysis showed that the environmental loads (carbon footprint) resulting from the acquisition and processing of raw materials necessary for the production of sinters from Al2O3 and ZrO2 are comparable to those associated with the production of plastic products such as polypropylene or polyvinyl chloride.

scholarly journals Mycotoxin Analysis: New Proposals for Sample Treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares ◽  
José F. Huertas-Pérez ◽  
Ana M. García-Campaña ◽  
Laura Gámiz-Gracia
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Food Commodities

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by different fungi, with different chemical structures. Mycotoxins contaminate food, feed, or raw materials used in their production and cause diseases and disorders in humans and livestock. Because of their great variety of toxic effects and their extreme heat resistance, the presence of mycotoxins in food and feed is considered a high risk to human and animal health. In order to ensure food quality and health consumers, European legislation has set maximum contents of some mycotoxins in different matrices. However, there are still some food commodities susceptible to fungal contamination, which were not contemplated in this legislation. In this context, we have developed new analytical techniques for the multiclass determination of mycotoxins in a great variety of food commodities (some of them scarcely studied), such as cereals, pseudocereals, cereal syrups, nuts, edible seeds, and botanicals. Considering the latest technical developments, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry has been chosen as an efficient, fast, and selective powerful analytical technique. In addition, alternative sample treatments based on emerging methodologies, such as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and QuEChERS, have been developed, which allow an increased efficiency and sample throughput, as well as reducing contaminant waste.

scholarly journals Methodological Approach (In Situ and Laboratory) for the Characterisation of Late Prehistoric Rock Paintings—Penedo Gordo (NW Spain)

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 551
Author(s):  
Jose Santiago Pozo-Antonio ◽  
Beatriz Comendador Rey ◽  
Lara Alves Bacelar ◽  
Pablo Barreiro
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Nw Spain ◽  
Analytical Protocol ◽  
Rock Paintings

This paper draws on the study of the prehistoric art site of Penedo Gordo (NW Spain) resulting from a collaborative interdisciplinary research. One of its primary goals was to design and put into practice a multi-analytical protocol for characterising prehistoric rock paintings, combining in situ and laboratory analytical techniques. Thus, following the archaeological assessment of the site, the panels exhibiting red paintings were analysed by colour spectrophotometry and portable Raman spectroscopy. Analytical techniques were applied to a collection of samples exhumed from the excavation that simultaneously took place on site. These included three red accretions on different substrates (compact soil, white quartzite and grey quartzite) and stone fragments representative of the outcrop’s petrographic variability, aiming to determine their mineralogical composition, texture and study the stone-paint boundaries. Moreover, colouring materials exhumed from the excavation and collected in the immediate surroundings of the rock outcrop were analysed in order to scrutinise the provenience rock art’s raw materials. Laboratory analysis consisted of stereomicroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. One of the major outcomes was the discovery of a drop of red pigment preserved in an archaeological layer associated with Late Neolithic/Copper Age material remains.

scholarly journals Multi-methodical study of Early Modern Age archaeological glazed ceramics from Prague

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Kloužková ◽  
Martina Kohoutková ◽  
Mária Kolářová ◽  
Gabriela Blažková ◽  
Radka Ševců ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Distillation Apparatus ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Technical Ceramic ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Technical Ceramics ◽  
Ceramic Vessels

Abstract A series of scientific methods (X-ray analyses, optical and electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermal analyses) was used to research the ceramic bodies and glazes of forty vessels from Renaissance Prague. The set of Early Modern Age archaeological glazed ceramics contained tableware, kitchenware and technical ceramics. The main aim was to characterise ceramic materials and glazes used over two centuries. Attention was also paid to the identification of defects and corrosion products of the glazes. The research was conducted with an emphasis on the context of the original use of the ceramic artefacts and the environment of the waste pits from which they were excavated. The archaeological finds include three technical ceramic vessels (a rectifier, a bowl and a jar), which together could have formed a distillation apparatus. Since these vessels represent a rare finding, they were subjected to a detailed investigation. Based on the similarity of ceramic bodies and glazes, it was proved that the three technical ceramic vessels were made in the same workshop and were parts of one distillation apparatus. The results of the performed analyses determined that the studied vessels were manufactured from raw materials with a high content of a plastic component and that the raw materials did not change significantly during the period from the 15th to 18th centuries. The firing temperature of most of the vessels did not exceed 1000 °C. It was proved that all the glazes were medium- or high-lead content glazes and were coloured with ionic pigments.

scholarly journals The ecology and bioactivity of some Greco-Roman medicinal minerals: the case of Melos earth pigments

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Knapp ◽  
G. E. Christidis ◽  
D. Venieri ◽  
I. Gounaki ◽  
J. Gibney-Vamvakari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
White Pigment ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Greco Roman

AbstractMineral compounds, as pigments and therapeutics, appeared regularly in the technical and medical texts of the Greco-Roman (G-R) world. We have referred to them as ‘G-R medicinal minerals’ and we suggest that despite their seeming familiarity, there are actually many unknowns regarding their precise nature and/or purported pharmacological attributes. Earth pigments are part of that group. This paper presents a brief overview of our work over the past twenty years relating to: a. the attempt to locate a select number of them in the places of their origin; b. their chemical/mineralogical characterization; c. the study of their ecology via the identification of the microorganisms surrounding them; d. their testing as antibacterials against known pathogens. In the process, and to fulfil the above, we have developed a novel methodological approach which includes a range of analytical techniques used across many disciplines (mineralogy, geochemistry, DNA extraction and microbiology). This paper focuses on a select number of earth pigments deriving from the island of Melos in the SW Aegean, celebrated in antiquity for its Melian Earth, a white pigment, and asks whether they might display antibacterial activity. We demonstrate that some (but not all) yellow, green and black earth pigments do. We also show that the manner in which they were dispensed (as powders or leachates) was equally important. The results, although preliminary, are informative. Given their use since deep time, earth pigments have never lost their relevance. We suggest that the study of their ecology/mineralogy and potential bioactivity allows for a better understanding of how our perception of them, as both pigments and therapeutics, may have evolved.

scholarly journals Multi-methodological study of Early Modern Age archaeological glazed ceramics from Prague

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Klouzkova ◽  
Martina Kohoutkova ◽  
Maria Kolarova ◽  
Gabriela Blazkova ◽  
Radka Sefcu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Distillation Apparatus ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Technical Ceramics ◽  
High Lead ◽  
Made In

Abstract A set of scientific methods (X-ray analyses, optical and electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermal analyses) was used for research of ceramic bodies and glazes of forty vessels from Renaissance Prague. The set of early modern age archaeological glazed ceramics contained tableware, kitchenware and technical ceramics. The main aim was to characterize ceramic materials and glazes over two centuries. Attention was also paid to identification of defects and corrosion products of the glazes. The research was conducted with an emphasis on the context of the original use of ceramic artefacts and the environment of waste pits from which they were excavated. Among the archaeological finding, three vessels of technical ceramics were found (a rectifier, a bowl and a jar) which together could have formed a distillation apparatus. Since these vessels represent a unique finding, they were subjected to a detailed survey. Based on the similarity of ceramic bodies and glazes, it was proved that the three vessels of technical ceramics were made in the same workshop and were parts of one distillation apparatus. The results of the performed analyses proved that the studied vessels were manufactured from raw materials with high content of a plastic component and that the raw materials did not change significantly during the period from 15th to 18th centuries. The firing temperature of most of the vessels did not exceed 1000 °C. It was proved that all glazes were middle- or high-lead glazes and were coloured with ionic pigments.

Sustainability and adaptability of spatial development of industrial complexes in networked economy environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2186-2209
Author(s):  
V.V. Akberdina ◽  
O.P. Smirnova ◽  
L.M. Averina
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Defense Industry ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Industrial Complexes ◽  
Analysis Of Stability

Subject. Industry largely determines the economic growth of Russia. Industrial regions are the basis for developing the network technological structure of the economy, changing the technological modes, modernizing the production and consumption. Objectives. The study aims to consider the spatial distribution of resource-deficient regions and risks inherent in spatial distribution of the defense industry complex; to develop a methodological approach to comprehensive assessment of regional industrial complex stability, considering its adaptation to turbulent environment; to highlight and analyze threats to industrial complex functioning. Methods. The study employs methods of systems, network, structural and functional, comparative, economic statistics, and integrated approach to the analysis of stability of industrial complexes in regions. Results. We covered issues related to inter-regional management system for sustainable development of industrial complexes, analyzed risks and threats to sustainable development, considered spatial aspects of development and location of defense industry enterprises. It was found that the regions are critically dependent on strategic raw materials that are not produced in the Russian Federation. Conclusions. The market is smoothing down the local inefficiency of industrial production during peacetime. However, in the context of mobilization and war, this problem can become a serious limitation for deployment of continuous multi-shift production. High dependence on foreign partners amid the rising tide of aggression on the part of investor countries will not allow the implementation of strategic investment projects in a number of cases.

scholarly journals Multi-Methodical Study of Early Modern Age Archaeological Glazed Ceramics from Prague

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Kloužková ◽  
Martina Kohoutková ◽  
Mária Kolářová ◽  
Gabriela Blažková ◽  
Radka Šefců ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Distillation Apparatus ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Technical Ceramic ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Technical Ceramics ◽  
Ceramic Vessels

Abstract A series of scientific methods (X-ray analyses, optical and electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermal analyses) was used to research the ceramic bodies and glazes of forty vessels from Renaissance Prague. The set of Early Modern Age archaeological glazed ceramics contained tableware, kitchenware and technical ceramics. The main aim was to characterise ceramic materials and glazes used over two centuries. Attention was also paid to the identification of defects and corrosion products of the glazes. The research was conducted with an emphasis on the context of the original use of the ceramic artefacts and the environment of the waste pits from which they were excavated. The archaeological finds include three technical ceramic vessels (a rectifier, a bowl and a jar), which together could have formed a distillation apparatus. Since these vessels represent a rare finding, they were subjected to a detailed investigation. Based on the similarity of ceramic bodies and glazes, it was proved that the three technical ceramic vessels were made in the same workshop and were parts of one distillation apparatus. The results of the performed analyses determined that the studied vessels were manufactured from raw materials with a high content of a plastic component and that the raw materials did not change significantly during the period from the 15th to 18th centuries. The firing temperature of most of the vessels did not exceed 1000 °C. It was proved that all the glazes were medium- or high-lead content glazes and were coloured with ionic pigments.

scholarly journals Rare earth elements as tracers for provenancing ancient ceramics

2012 ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Isabel Prudêncio ◽  
M. Isabel Dias ◽  
M. José Trindade ◽  
M. Amália Sequeira Braga
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Ancient Ceramics ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Interregional Interaction ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Materials Used

Clay analysis plays a crucial role in studies of ancient ceramics, contributing with answers to better understanding resource exploitation strategies, production technologies, and regional and interregional interaction patterns. The vessels are made essentially by clays, the composition of the ceramics reflectingthe origin of the clay materials used and conclusions may be inferred concerning the type of raw materials and the establishment of the geographic area of production. Different geochemical patterns found in clays from different geological contexts, consist on an important basis for the comparison with ceramics since the identification of the clays used for productions can contribute to delimit a potential area of clay resources and thus establishing provenance. This is particularly useful when no archaeological evidence of production exists. REE patterns are very important for the characterization of ceramic productions and their relation with raw materials, as subtle variations between them reflect differences in their relative behaviour in response to the chemical environment, making this group particularly useful in geochemistry studies. So, REE are crucial trace elements to pursue studies of raw materials and provenance establishment and trade routes reconstruction in ancient times. As terras raras como indicadores geoquímicos na proveniência de cerâmica antiga - O estudo das argilas assume um papel crucial na investigação de cerâmicas antigas, contribuindo para o esclarecimento e melhor compreensão de estratégias de exploração de recursos de matérias-primas, tecnologias de produção e padrões de interacção regional e inter-regional. Os recipientes cerâmicos são essencialmente constituídos por argilas, reflectindo a sua composição a origem dos materiais argilosos usados, podendo ser retiradas conclusões relativamente ao tipo de matérias-primas, bem como ao estabelecimento de áreas geográficas de produção. Os diversos padrões geoquímicos encontrados nas argilas provenientes de diferentes contextos geológicos, constituem uma importante base para a comparação com as cerâmicas, uma vez que a identificação das argilas usadas em certas produções, pode contribuir para a delimitação da potencial área fonte de argilas, estabelecendo-se assim a sua proveniência. Este facto é particularmente relevante quando não existe evidência arqueológica de produção. Os padrões de terras raras são muito importantes para a caracterização das produções cerâmicas e sua relação com as matérias-primas, uma vez que as variaçõessubtis que apresentam reflectem diferenças no seu comportamento em resposta ao sistema químico que as rodeiam, tornando este grupo particularmente útil em estudos de geoquímica. Deste modo, as terras raras são elementos traço cruciais em estudos de matérias-primas e no estabelecimento de proveniência de cerâmicas, contribuindo para a reconstrução de rotas comerciais em tempos antigos.

Recent Developments in CE-MS Based Metabolomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Çelebier ◽  
Merve Nenni
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Ionic Compounds ◽  
Recent Sample ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Endogenous Metabolites ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Background: Metabolomics has gained importance in clinical applications over the last decade. Metabolomics studies are significant because the systemic metabolome is directly affected by disease conditions. Metabolome-based biomarkers are actively being developed for early diagnosis and to indicate the stage of specific diseases. Additionally, understanding the effect of an intervention on a living organism at the molecular level is a crucial strategy for understanding novel or unexpected biological processes. Results: The simultaneous improvements in advanced analytical techniques, sample preparation techniques, computer technology, and databank contents has enabled more valuable scientific information to be gained from metabolomics than ever before. With over 15,000 known endogenous metabolites, there is no single analytical technique capable of analyzing the whole metabolome. However, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is a unique technique used to analyze an important portion of metabolites not accessible by liquid chromatography or gas chromatography techniques. The analytical capability of CE, combined with recent sample preparation techniques focused on extracting polar-ionic compounds, make CE-MS a perfect technique for metabolomic studies. Conclusion: Here, previous reviews of CE-MS based metabolomics are evaluated to highlight recent improvements in this technique. Specifically, we review papers from the last two years (2018 and 2019) on CE-MS based metabolomics. The current situation and the challenges facing metabolomic studies are discussed to reveal the high potential of CE-MS for further studies, especially in biomarker development studies.

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