scholarly journals Aspects of the development of Ixodes anatis under different environmental conditions in the laboratory and in the field 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Bansal ◽  
William Pomroy ◽  
Allen C Heath ◽  
Isabel Castro
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Times ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Abstract BackgroundNumerous laboratory and fewer field-based studies have found that ixodid ticks develop more quickly and survive better at temperatures between 18 and 26°C and relative humidity between 75% and 94%. Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, is an endophilic, nidicolous species endemic to North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli, NIBK) and the tokoeka (Apteryx australis) and little is known about the environmental conditions required for its development. Our aims in this study were to determine and compare the conditions of temperature and RH that ensured the best survival, and the shortest interstadial periods for the kiwi tick, in the laboratory and outdoors inside artificial kiwi burrows.MethodsWe collected free walking engorged ticks off wild kiwi hosts and placed them in the laboratory at various fixed temperature and humidity regimes. We also placed sets of different stages of these ticks in artificial kiwi burrows and in both cases, recorded the times taken for the ticks to moult to the next stage.ResultsWe found that larvae and nymphs both showed optimum development between 10-20°C, which is lower than many other species of ixodid ticks. However, larvae moulted quicker and survived better when saturation deficits were <1-2 mmHg (RH>94%) while for nymphs the optimum saturation deficits were 1-10 mmHg.ConclusionsWe believe that the kiwi tick has adapted to stable, but relatively cool and humid conditions in the burrows reflecting the evolutionary consequences of its association with the kiwi.

scholarly journals Aspects of the development of Ixodes anatis under different environmental conditions in the laboratory and in the field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Bansal ◽  
William Pomroy ◽  
Allen C Heath ◽  
Isabel Castro
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Times ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Host Parasite

Abstract BackgroundAs parasites spend a large amount of their life cycles on their hosts, to gain a better understanding of how host-parasite systems work, information about the life cycle of the parasite is important. Numerous laboratory and few field-based studies have explored the influence of microclimates on developmental times of different stages of various species of ixodid ticks and found that most of these species develop quicker and survive better at temperatures between 18 and 26°C and relative humidity between 75% and 94%. Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, or kiwi tick, is an endophilic, nidicolous species endemic to North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli, NIBK) and the Tokoeka (Apteryx australis). Little is known about the environmental conditions that are ideal for the development of the kiwi tick. Our aims in this study were to determine and compare the conditions of temperature and RH that ensured the best survival, and the shortest interstadial periods for the kiwi tick, in the laboratory and outdoors inside artificial kiwi burrows.MethodsWe collected free walking engorged ticks off wild kiwi hosts and placed them in the laboratory at various fixed temperature and humidity regimes. We also placed sets of different stages of these ticks in artificial kiwi burrows and in both cases, recorded the times taken for the ticks to moult to the next stage.ResultsWe found that temperature had a larger impact on the moults between stages than relative humidity, and larvae and nymphs both showed optimum development between 10-20°C, which is lower than many other species of Ixodid ticks. However, larvae moulted quicker and survived better when saturation deficits were <1-2 mmHg (RH>94%) while for nymphs the optimum saturation deficits were 1-10 mmHg.ConclusionsWe believe that the kiwi tick has adapted to stable, but relatively cool and humid conditions in the burrows reflecting the evolutionary consequences of its association with the kiwi.

scholarly journals Aspects of the development of Ixodes anatis under different environmental conditions in the laboratory and in the field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Bansal ◽  
William Pomroy ◽  
Allen C Heath ◽  
Isabel Castro
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Times ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Abstract BackgroundNumerous laboratory and fewer field-based studies have found that ixodid ticks develop more quickly and survive better at temperatures between 18 and 26°C and relative humidity between 75% and 94%. Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, is an endophilic, nidicolous species endemic to North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli, NIBK) and the tokoeka (Apteryx australis) and little is known about the environmental conditions required for its development. Our aims in this study were to determine and compare the conditions of temperature and RH that ensured the best survival, and the shortest interstadial periods for the kiwi tick, in the laboratory and outdoors inside artificial kiwi burrows.MethodsWe collected free walking engorged ticks off wild kiwi hosts and placed them in the laboratory at various fixed temperature and humidity regimes. We also placed sets of different stages of these ticks in artificial kiwi burrows and in both cases, recorded the times taken for the ticks to moult to the next stage.ResultsWe found that larvae and nymphs both showed optimum development between 10-20°C, which is lower than many other species of ixodid ticks. However, larvae moulted quicker and survived better when saturation deficits were <1-2 mmHg (RH>94%) while for nymphs the optimum saturation deficits were 1-10 mmHg.ConclusionsWe believe that the kiwi tick has adapted to stable, but relatively cool and humid conditions in the burrows reflecting the evolutionary consequences of its association with the kiwi.

scholarly journals Aspects of the development of Ixodes anatis under different environmental conditions in the laboratory and in the field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Bansal ◽  
William Pomroy ◽  
Allen C Heath ◽  
Isabel Castro
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Times ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Abstract Background Numerous laboratory and few field-based studies have explored the influence of microclimates on developmental times of different stages of various species of ixodid ticks and found that most of these species develop quicker and survive better at temperatures between 18 and 26°C and relative humidity between 75% and 94%. Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, or kiwi tick, is an endophilic, nidicolous species endemic to North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli, NIBK) and the tokoeka (Apteryx australis). Little is known about the environmental conditions that are ideal for the development of the kiwi tick. Our aims in this study were to determine and compare the conditions of temperature and RH that ensured the best survival, and the shortest interstadial periods for the kiwi tick, in the laboratory and outdoors inside artificial kiwi burrows.Methods We collected free walking engorged ticks off wild kiwi hosts and placed them in the laboratory at various fixed temperature and humidity regimes. We also placed sets of different stages of these ticks in artificial kiwi burrows and in both cases, recorded the times taken for the ticks to moult to the next stage.Results We found that larvae and nymphs both showed optimum development between 10-20°C, which is lower than many other species of ixodid ticks. However, larvae moulted quicker and survived better when saturation deficits were <1-2 mmHg (RH>94%) while for nymphs the optimum saturation deficits were 1-10 mmHg.Conclusions We believe that the kiwi tick has adapted to stable, but relatively cool and humid conditions in the burrows reflecting the evolutionary consequences of its association with the kiwi.

scholarly journals Aspects of the development of Ixodes anatis under different environmental conditions in the laboratory and in the field

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Bansal ◽  
William E. Pomroy ◽  
Allen C. G. Heath ◽  
Isabel Castro
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Times ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Abstract Background Numerous laboratory and fewer field-based studies have found that ixodid ticks develop more quickly and survive better at temperatures between 18 °C and 26 °C and relative humidity (RH) between 75 and 94%. Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, is an endophilic, nidicolous species endemic to North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) (NIBK) and the tokoeka (Apteryx australis), and little is known about the environmental conditions required for its development. The aims of this study were to determine and compare the conditions of temperature and RH that ensure the best survival of the kiwi tick and the shortest interstadial periods, in laboratory conditions and outdoors inside artificial kiwi burrows. Methods Free-walking engorged ticks were collected off wild kiwi hosts and placed in the laboratory under various fixed temperature and humidity regimes. In addition, sets of the collected ticks at different developmental stages were placed in artificial kiwi burrows. In both settings, we recorded the times taken for the ticks to moult to the next stage. Results Larvae and nymphs both showed optimum development at between 10 °C and 20 °C, which is lower than the optimum temperature for development in many other species of ixodid ticks. However, larvae moulted quicker and survived better when saturation deficits were < 1–2 mmHg (RH > 94%); in comparison, the optimum saturation deficits for nymph development were 1–10 mmHg. Conclusions Our results suggest that the kiwi tick has adapted to the stable, but relatively cool and humid conditions in kiwi burrows, reflecting the evolutionary consequences of its association with the kiwi.

Influence of Mixing Environmental Conditions on Flowability of Lactose Blends

2014 ◽  
Vol 633 ◽  
pp. 3-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Yun Lu ◽  
Lan Chen ◽  
Rui Lin Heng ◽  
Yun Zhang Cheng ◽  
Umezuruike Linus Opara
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Dry Powder ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Powder Flowability ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Powder flowability is one of the most important properties affecting the filling and delivering processes of dry powder inhalations. When the powder is exposed to different environmental (temperature, relative humidity (RH)) conditions, the interaction between particulates would influence the flowability of powders. Blends of 83% coarse lactose (D50=126μm) and 17% fine lactose (D50= 7μm) were prepared at three different mixing environments and the effects of temperature and humidity on powder flowability were investigated. Results indicated that mixing under relatively higher temperature and lower RH environmental conditions improved the flowability of lactose blends.

Combined Temperature and Moisture Effect on the Monotonic and Fatigue Strengths of Sandwich Beams with Glass-Polypropylene Faces and Aluminum Foam Cores

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
Yi-Ming Jen ◽  
Chia-Wei Chang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Effect ◽  
Aluminum Foam ◽  
Metal Foam ◽  
Sandwich Structures ◽  
Sandwich Beams ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Interfacial Cracks ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Face

Recently, the sandwich structures with thermoplastic faces and metal foam cores have been received much attention in the automobile, aerospace and naval industries. Since the material properties of the polymer-based faces and adhesive films employed in the sandwich structures are sensitive to the temperature and humidity, the knowledge of the environmental effect on the mechanical properties are important to the design and application of such structures. Therefore, the hygrothermal effect on the static and fatigue bending strengths of the sandwich beams with glass-polypropylene faces and aluminum foam cores were experimentally analyzed in the present study. The monotonic and cyclic four-point bending tests were conducted under four environmental conditions, i.e., 25°C/45% RH, 25°C/75% RH, 50°C/45% RH, and 50°C/75% RH, to evaluate the influence of combined temperature and humidity on the strengths against the static and cyclic flexural loads. Experimental results show that the humidity has tiny effect on the static and fatigue strengths when the specimens were tested at fixed temperature. However, the temperature plays an important role in the environmental effect because the monotonic and fatigue strengths of the studied sandwich specimens decrease significantly when the ambient temperature rises from 25 to 50°C. Furthermore, under four considered environmental conditions, two crack systems, the core shear ones and the face/core interfacial ones, were observed both in the monotonic and cyclic tests. The development of interfacial cracks strongly depends on the environmental variables. Accordingly the interfacial cracks play an important role in the static and fatigue strengths of the studied sandwich structures.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF TIME DURING THE DAY BENZYLADENINE IS APPLIED ON PENETRATION INTO APPLE LEAVES

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 687A-687
Author(s):  
Z. Y. Mao ◽  
D. W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Droplet Drying

Penetration of foliar-applied chemicals can be influenced by a number of environmental conditions including: light, temperature, and humidity. These change during the day. 14C-benzyladenine (BA) was applied to the upper or lower surface of McIntosh apple leaves from 6:0 0 to 21:OO hours at 3 hour intervals. The amount of BA entering a leaf over a 24-hour period was not influenced by the time of application. Temperature was correlated with BA retention in the wax layer (correlation coefficients, r=0.06 4 and r=0.70 for the upper and lower surfaces, respectively) and with penetration through the upper surface (r=0.58). BA penetration into the leaf was not correlated with light intensity, relative humidity, or time of droplet drying.

Multi-lamellar organization of fully deuterated lipid extracts of yeast membranes

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 3167-3176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Gerelli ◽  
Alexis de Ghellinck ◽  
Juliette Jouhet ◽  
Valérie Laux ◽  
Michael Haertlein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Small Momentum Transfer ◽  
Lipid Species ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

Neutron scattering studies on mimetic biomembranes are currently limited by the low availability of deuterated unsaturated lipid species. In the present work, results from the first neutron diffraction experiments on fully deuterated lipid extracts from the yeastPichia pastorisare presented. The structural features of these fully deuterated lipid stacks are compared with those of their hydrogenous analogues and with other similar synthetic systems. The influence of temperature and humidity on the samples has been investigated by means of small momentum-transfer neutron diffraction. All of the lipid extracts investigated self-assemble into multi-lamellar stacks having different structural periodicities; the stacking distances are affected by temperature and humidity without altering the basic underlying arrangement. At high relative humidity the deuterated and hydrogenous samples are similar in their multi-lamellar arrangement, being characterized by two main periodicities of ∼75 and ∼110 Å reflecting the presence of a large number of polar phospholipid molecules. Larger differences are found at lower relative humidity, where hydrogenous lipids are characterized by a larger single lamellar structure than that observed in the deuterated samples. In both cases the heterogeneity in composition is reflected in a wide structural complexity. The different behaviour upon dehydration can be related to compositional differences in the molecular composition of the two samples, which is attributed to metabolic effects related to the use of perdeuterated growth media.

Experimental Study on Hygroscopicity of Rapeseed (Brassica Napus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 479-481 ◽  
pp. 2275-2278
Author(s):  
Ming Jin Yang ◽  
Wu Ming Xu ◽  
Tian Tang ◽  
Ling Yang ◽  
Feng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Critical Relative Humidity ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Higher Temperature

The hygroscopicity property of the rapeseed at different temperature and humidity was experimental studied in this paper. Tested results show that: the moisture absorption rates increase with the increase of relative humidity at the early period of absorption, and higher temperature leads to earlier reach of moisture equilibrium; the critical relative humidity(CRH) increases with the increase of temperature; the optional relative humidity for safety storage of rapeseed should be controlled less than 60%.

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