scholarly journals Aspects of the development of Ixodes anatis under different environmental conditions in the laboratory and in the field

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Bansal ◽  
William E. Pomroy ◽  
Allen C. G. Heath ◽  
Isabel Castro
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Times ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Abstract Background Numerous laboratory and fewer field-based studies have found that ixodid ticks develop more quickly and survive better at temperatures between 18 °C and 26 °C and relative humidity (RH) between 75 and 94%. Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, is an endophilic, nidicolous species endemic to North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) (NIBK) and the tokoeka (Apteryx australis), and little is known about the environmental conditions required for its development. The aims of this study were to determine and compare the conditions of temperature and RH that ensure the best survival of the kiwi tick and the shortest interstadial periods, in laboratory conditions and outdoors inside artificial kiwi burrows. Methods Free-walking engorged ticks were collected off wild kiwi hosts and placed in the laboratory under various fixed temperature and humidity regimes. In addition, sets of the collected ticks at different developmental stages were placed in artificial kiwi burrows. In both settings, we recorded the times taken for the ticks to moult to the next stage. Results Larvae and nymphs both showed optimum development at between 10 °C and 20 °C, which is lower than the optimum temperature for development in many other species of ixodid ticks. However, larvae moulted quicker and survived better when saturation deficits were < 1–2 mmHg (RH > 94%); in comparison, the optimum saturation deficits for nymph development were 1–10 mmHg. Conclusions Our results suggest that the kiwi tick has adapted to the stable, but relatively cool and humid conditions in kiwi burrows, reflecting the evolutionary consequences of its association with the kiwi.

scholarly journals Aspects of the development of Ixodes anatis under different environmental conditions in the laboratory and in the field 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Bansal ◽  
William Pomroy ◽  
Allen C Heath ◽  
Isabel Castro
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Times ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Abstract BackgroundNumerous laboratory and fewer field-based studies have found that ixodid ticks develop more quickly and survive better at temperatures between 18 and 26°C and relative humidity between 75% and 94%. Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, is an endophilic, nidicolous species endemic to North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli, NIBK) and the tokoeka (Apteryx australis) and little is known about the environmental conditions required for its development. Our aims in this study were to determine and compare the conditions of temperature and RH that ensured the best survival, and the shortest interstadial periods for the kiwi tick, in the laboratory and outdoors inside artificial kiwi burrows.MethodsWe collected free walking engorged ticks off wild kiwi hosts and placed them in the laboratory at various fixed temperature and humidity regimes. We also placed sets of different stages of these ticks in artificial kiwi burrows and in both cases, recorded the times taken for the ticks to moult to the next stage.ResultsWe found that larvae and nymphs both showed optimum development between 10-20°C, which is lower than many other species of ixodid ticks. However, larvae moulted quicker and survived better when saturation deficits were <1-2 mmHg (RH>94%) while for nymphs the optimum saturation deficits were 1-10 mmHg.ConclusionsWe believe that the kiwi tick has adapted to stable, but relatively cool and humid conditions in the burrows reflecting the evolutionary consequences of its association with the kiwi.

scholarly journals Aspects of the development of Ixodes anatis under different environmental conditions in the laboratory and in the field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Bansal ◽  
William Pomroy ◽  
Allen C Heath ◽  
Isabel Castro
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Times ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Host Parasite

Abstract BackgroundAs parasites spend a large amount of their life cycles on their hosts, to gain a better understanding of how host-parasite systems work, information about the life cycle of the parasite is important. Numerous laboratory and few field-based studies have explored the influence of microclimates on developmental times of different stages of various species of ixodid ticks and found that most of these species develop quicker and survive better at temperatures between 18 and 26°C and relative humidity between 75% and 94%. Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, or kiwi tick, is an endophilic, nidicolous species endemic to North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli, NIBK) and the Tokoeka (Apteryx australis). Little is known about the environmental conditions that are ideal for the development of the kiwi tick. Our aims in this study were to determine and compare the conditions of temperature and RH that ensured the best survival, and the shortest interstadial periods for the kiwi tick, in the laboratory and outdoors inside artificial kiwi burrows.MethodsWe collected free walking engorged ticks off wild kiwi hosts and placed them in the laboratory at various fixed temperature and humidity regimes. We also placed sets of different stages of these ticks in artificial kiwi burrows and in both cases, recorded the times taken for the ticks to moult to the next stage.ResultsWe found that temperature had a larger impact on the moults between stages than relative humidity, and larvae and nymphs both showed optimum development between 10-20°C, which is lower than many other species of Ixodid ticks. However, larvae moulted quicker and survived better when saturation deficits were <1-2 mmHg (RH>94%) while for nymphs the optimum saturation deficits were 1-10 mmHg.ConclusionsWe believe that the kiwi tick has adapted to stable, but relatively cool and humid conditions in the burrows reflecting the evolutionary consequences of its association with the kiwi.

scholarly journals Aspects of the development of Ixodes anatis under different environmental conditions in the laboratory and in the field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Bansal ◽  
William Pomroy ◽  
Allen C Heath ◽  
Isabel Castro
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Times ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Abstract BackgroundNumerous laboratory and fewer field-based studies have found that ixodid ticks develop more quickly and survive better at temperatures between 18 and 26°C and relative humidity between 75% and 94%. Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, is an endophilic, nidicolous species endemic to North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli, NIBK) and the tokoeka (Apteryx australis) and little is known about the environmental conditions required for its development. Our aims in this study were to determine and compare the conditions of temperature and RH that ensured the best survival, and the shortest interstadial periods for the kiwi tick, in the laboratory and outdoors inside artificial kiwi burrows.MethodsWe collected free walking engorged ticks off wild kiwi hosts and placed them in the laboratory at various fixed temperature and humidity regimes. We also placed sets of different stages of these ticks in artificial kiwi burrows and in both cases, recorded the times taken for the ticks to moult to the next stage.ResultsWe found that larvae and nymphs both showed optimum development between 10-20°C, which is lower than many other species of ixodid ticks. However, larvae moulted quicker and survived better when saturation deficits were <1-2 mmHg (RH>94%) while for nymphs the optimum saturation deficits were 1-10 mmHg.ConclusionsWe believe that the kiwi tick has adapted to stable, but relatively cool and humid conditions in the burrows reflecting the evolutionary consequences of its association with the kiwi.

scholarly journals Aspects of the development of Ixodes anatis under different environmental conditions in the laboratory and in the field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Bansal ◽  
William Pomroy ◽  
Allen C Heath ◽  
Isabel Castro
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Times ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Abstract Background Numerous laboratory and few field-based studies have explored the influence of microclimates on developmental times of different stages of various species of ixodid ticks and found that most of these species develop quicker and survive better at temperatures between 18 and 26°C and relative humidity between 75% and 94%. Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, or kiwi tick, is an endophilic, nidicolous species endemic to North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli, NIBK) and the tokoeka (Apteryx australis). Little is known about the environmental conditions that are ideal for the development of the kiwi tick. Our aims in this study were to determine and compare the conditions of temperature and RH that ensured the best survival, and the shortest interstadial periods for the kiwi tick, in the laboratory and outdoors inside artificial kiwi burrows.Methods We collected free walking engorged ticks off wild kiwi hosts and placed them in the laboratory at various fixed temperature and humidity regimes. We also placed sets of different stages of these ticks in artificial kiwi burrows and in both cases, recorded the times taken for the ticks to moult to the next stage.Results We found that larvae and nymphs both showed optimum development between 10-20°C, which is lower than many other species of ixodid ticks. However, larvae moulted quicker and survived better when saturation deficits were <1-2 mmHg (RH>94%) while for nymphs the optimum saturation deficits were 1-10 mmHg.Conclusions We believe that the kiwi tick has adapted to stable, but relatively cool and humid conditions in the burrows reflecting the evolutionary consequences of its association with the kiwi.

scholarly journals Amblyomma nodosum (Neumann, 1899): observations on life cycle under laboratory conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele da Costa Pinheiro ◽  
Elizabete Captivo Lourenço ◽  
Iwine Joyce Barbosa de Sá-Hungaro ◽  
Kátia Maria Famadas
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Natural Hosts

The natural hosts of Amblyomma nodosum in the immature stages are a variety of birds and the anteater in the adult stage. However, so far no data have been published about this tick’s life cycle. To fill this gap, a record was made of its development under laboratory conditions. All the procedures were controlled in a BOD chamber set at 27±1 °C and 80±10% relative humidity and scotophase. The parasitic stages were raised on rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus Linnaeus, 1758), from which more than 50% of larvae and nymphs were recovered, although only a small portion performed ecdysis. The adults did not fixed on the rabbits, which suggests that the experimental conditions were unsuitable for the requirements of this species. The data obtained here indicate that A. nodosum is highly dependent on its host and environment whereas under laboratory conditions and host chosen for the study was not obtained satisfactory results and new studies with different hosts and new environmental conditions should be elaborated.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical characteristics and aflatoxins production of Atractylodis Rhizoma to different storage temperatures and humidities

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiutao Liu ◽  
Lingling Jiang ◽  
Lihe Xiao ◽  
Weijun Kong
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Evaluation Indexes ◽  
Chemical Fingerprints ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Central Composite

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the characteristics, moisture contents, chemical fingerprints changes and aflatoxins accumulation of Atractylodis rhizoma during storage, further to determine the optimum temperature and relative humidity conditions. Based on the suitable temperature (20–40 °C) and relative humidity (80–95%), 13 different temperature and humidity conditions were set up by the central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) for Aspergillus flavus. After inoculation with Aspergillus flavus by artificial infection, A. rhizoma samples were stored under normal conditions and 13 different temperature and relative humidity levels. By taking the changes of characteristics, the contents of moisture, chemical fingerprints and aflatoxins as the evaluation indexes for A. rhizoma with or without Aspergillus flavus fungi to optimize the optimal storage conditions. After storage for 10 days, the color of A. rhizoma was deepened, the water content and chemical composition increased, and some unknown components were detected. The susceptible condition for aflatoxins production in A. rhizoma was identified at temperature 22–37 °C and relative humidity over 87.5%. Thus, the suitable storage conditions for A. rhizoma should be controlled at temperature below 20 °C and relative humidity less than 85%. This paper screened out the optimum temperature and humidity for the storage of A. rhizoma. Then, the storage specification for A. rhizoma was proposed, lying technical and data support for the scientific preservation of other food or herbs.

Influence of Mixing Environmental Conditions on Flowability of Lactose Blends

2014 ◽  
Vol 633 ◽  
pp. 3-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Yun Lu ◽  
Lan Chen ◽  
Rui Lin Heng ◽  
Yun Zhang Cheng ◽  
Umezuruike Linus Opara
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Dry Powder ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Powder Flowability ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Powder flowability is one of the most important properties affecting the filling and delivering processes of dry powder inhalations. When the powder is exposed to different environmental (temperature, relative humidity (RH)) conditions, the interaction between particulates would influence the flowability of powders. Blends of 83% coarse lactose (D50=126μm) and 17% fine lactose (D50= 7μm) were prepared at three different mixing environments and the effects of temperature and humidity on powder flowability were investigated. Results indicated that mixing under relatively higher temperature and lower RH environmental conditions improved the flowability of lactose blends.

Combined Temperature and Moisture Effect on the Monotonic and Fatigue Strengths of Sandwich Beams with Glass-Polypropylene Faces and Aluminum Foam Cores

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
Yi-Ming Jen ◽  
Chia-Wei Chang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Effect ◽  
Aluminum Foam ◽  
Metal Foam ◽  
Sandwich Structures ◽  
Sandwich Beams ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Interfacial Cracks ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Face

Recently, the sandwich structures with thermoplastic faces and metal foam cores have been received much attention in the automobile, aerospace and naval industries. Since the material properties of the polymer-based faces and adhesive films employed in the sandwich structures are sensitive to the temperature and humidity, the knowledge of the environmental effect on the mechanical properties are important to the design and application of such structures. Therefore, the hygrothermal effect on the static and fatigue bending strengths of the sandwich beams with glass-polypropylene faces and aluminum foam cores were experimentally analyzed in the present study. The monotonic and cyclic four-point bending tests were conducted under four environmental conditions, i.e., 25°C/45% RH, 25°C/75% RH, 50°C/45% RH, and 50°C/75% RH, to evaluate the influence of combined temperature and humidity on the strengths against the static and cyclic flexural loads. Experimental results show that the humidity has tiny effect on the static and fatigue strengths when the specimens were tested at fixed temperature. However, the temperature plays an important role in the environmental effect because the monotonic and fatigue strengths of the studied sandwich specimens decrease significantly when the ambient temperature rises from 25 to 50°C. Furthermore, under four considered environmental conditions, two crack systems, the core shear ones and the face/core interfacial ones, were observed both in the monotonic and cyclic tests. The development of interfacial cracks strongly depends on the environmental variables. Accordingly the interfacial cracks play an important role in the static and fatigue strengths of the studied sandwich structures.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF TIME DURING THE DAY BENZYLADENINE IS APPLIED ON PENETRATION INTO APPLE LEAVES

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 687A-687
Author(s):  
Z. Y. Mao ◽  
D. W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Droplet Drying

Penetration of foliar-applied chemicals can be influenced by a number of environmental conditions including: light, temperature, and humidity. These change during the day. 14C-benzyladenine (BA) was applied to the upper or lower surface of McIntosh apple leaves from 6:0 0 to 21:OO hours at 3 hour intervals. The amount of BA entering a leaf over a 24-hour period was not influenced by the time of application. Temperature was correlated with BA retention in the wax layer (correlation coefficients, r=0.06 4 and r=0.70 for the upper and lower surfaces, respectively) and with penetration through the upper surface (r=0.58). BA penetration into the leaf was not correlated with light intensity, relative humidity, or time of droplet drying.

scholarly journals Behavioural microclimate selection and physiological responses to environmental conditions in a hibernating bat

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Boyles ◽  
Emily Johnson ◽  
Nathan W. Fuller ◽  
Kirk Silas ◽  
Lily Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Energy Stores ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Maximal Expression

Hibernators adjust the expression of torpor behaviourally and physiologically to balance the benefits of energy conservation in hibernation against the physiological and ecological costs. Small fat-storing species, like many cave-hibernating bats, have long been thought to be highly constrained in their expression of hibernation because they must survive winter relying only on endogenous energy stores. We evaluated behavioural microclimate selection in tri-colored bats (Perimyotis subflavus (Cuvier, 1832)) across a three-month hibernation experiment under laboratory conditions. We also opportunistically tested for evidence of acclimatization in torpid metabolic rate (TMR). When given access to gradients in microclimate, bats tended to choose the warmest temperature available (11°C) while almost completely avoiding the driest condition available (85% relative humidity at 8°C). Further, bats held at different temperatures over the course of the hibernation showed no differences in TMR when measured under common conditions at the end of hibernation. Taken together, our results suggest selective pressures to conserve energy during hibernation are not overwhelmingly strong and further support the proposition that optimal expression of hibernation is something less than the maximal expression of hibernation unless the animal is nearing starvation.

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