scholarly journals Impact of Highest Maximum Sustained Wind Speed and Its Duration on Storm Surges and Hydrodynamics Along Krishna-Godavari Coast

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maneesha Sebastian ◽  
Manasa Ranjan Behera
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Wave Setup ◽  
Cyclone Intensity ◽  
Water Region ◽  
Shelf Region ◽  
Maximum Sustained Wind Speed

Abstract The storm surge and hydrodynamics along the Krishna-Godavari (K-G) basin are examined based on numerical experiments designed from assessing the landfalling cyclones in Bay of Bengal (BoB) over the past 38 years with respect to its highest maximum sustained wind speed and its duration. The model is validated with the observed water levels at the tide gauge stations at Visakhapatnam during Helen (2013) and Hudhud (2014). Effect of gradual and rapid intensification of cyclones on the peak water levels and depth average currents are examined and the vulnerable locations are identified. The duration of intensification of a rapidly intensifying cyclone over the continental shelf contributed to about 10-18 % increase in the peak water levels, whereas for the gradually intensifying cyclone the effect is trivial. The inclusion of the wave-setup increased the peak water levels up to 39% compared to those without wave-setup. In the deep water region, only rapidly intensifying cyclones affected the peak MWEs. Intensification over the continental slope region significantly increases the currents along the shelf region and coast. The effect on peak maximum depth averaged current extends up to 400 km from the landfall location. Thus, it is necessary to consider the effect of various combinations of the highest cyclone intensity and duration of intensification for identifying the worst scenarios for impact assessment of coastal processes and sediment transport. The study is quite useful in improving the storm surge prediction, in preparedness, risk evaluation, and vulnerability assessment of the coastal regions in the present changing climate.

scholarly journals Storm surges in the Western Black Sea. Operational forecasting

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. MUNGOV ◽  
P. DANIEL
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Coastal Zone Management ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Operational Forecasting

The frequency of the storm surges in the Black Sea is lower than that in other regions of the World Ocean but they cause significant damages as the magnitude of the sea level set-up is up to 7-8 times greater than that of other sea level variations. New methods and systems for storm surge forecasting and studying their statistical characteristics are absolutely necessary for the purposes of the coastal zone management. The operational forecasting storm surge model of Meteo-France was adopted for the Black Sea in accordance with the bilateral agreement between Meteo-France and NINMH. The model was verified using tide-gauge observations for the strongest storms observed along the Bulgarian coast over the last 10 years.

Verification of the Storm surge Forecasting System for the Korean Coastal Area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nary La ◽  
Byoung Woong An ◽  
KiRyong Kang ◽  
Sang Myeong Oh ◽  
YoonJae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Forecast Accuracy ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Prediction System ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
Reference Pressure ◽  
Height Predictions

<p><span>In recent years, coastal disasters have been frequently caused by typhoons and storm surges accompanied by high waves due to global warming and the changing marine environment. In addition, the development of coastal areas in Korea has also led to suffering great damage to society every year. </span></p><p><span>To cope with this issue, we have developed a new storm-surge prediction system based on the NEMO model for improving the predictability both the tide and the surge. This new regional tide-surge prediction system (RTSM) is constructed with a two-dimensional barotropic sigma coordinates and has a 1/12 degrees horizontal resolution. To find optimal coefficients of this model, several sensitivity experiments were conducted and verified with tide gauge measurements from the KHOA (Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency). Finally, we selected a bathymetry from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), Charnock coefficient as a constant value of 0.275 and the reference pressure for the inverse barometric effect as the domain mean. As the result of comparing surge-height predictions with the currently operating model (OPER-RTSM), the new system (RTSM) showed roughly 30% higher in forecast accuracy than the previous OPER-RTSM.</span></p>

scholarly journals STORM SURGE FORECASTING METHODS IN ENCLOSED SEAS

1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
P.F. Hamblin
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
High Water ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Large Lakes ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Storm Surge Forecasting

Storm surges in enclosed seas although generally not as large in amplitude as their oceanic counterparts are nonetheless of considerable importance when low lying shoreline profiles, shallow water depth, and favourable geographical orientation to storm winds occur together. High water may result in shoreline innundation and in enhanced shoreline erosion. Conversely low water levels are hazardous to navigation. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the problem of storm surge forecasting in enclosed basins with emphasis on automated operational procedures. In general, operational forecasting methods must be based on standard forecast parameters, require a minimum of computational effort in the preparation of the forecast, must be applicable to lakes of different geometry and to any point on the shore, and to be able to resolve water level changes on an hourly basis to 10 cm in the case of high water level excursions associated with large lakes and less than that for smaller lakes. Particular physical effects arising in lakes which make these constraints difficult to fulfill are the reflections of resurgences of water levels arising from lateral boundaries, the stability of the atmospheric boundary layer and the presence of such subsynoptic disturbances as squall lines and travelling pressure jumps.

scholarly journals Storm-Surge Induced Water Level Changes in the Odra River Mouth Area (Southern Baltic Coast)

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1559
Author(s):  
Halina Kowalewska-Kalkowska
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Mouth Area ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Szczecin Lagoon ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
River Mouth Area ◽  
Odra River

The Odra River mouth area is a region of the Southern Baltic coastal zone especially prone to the influence of storm surges. In the present study, the height and extent of the Baltic storm surges, and temporal offsets of the respective maximum water level occurrences in the Odra River mouth area were explored using cross-correlation, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The analyses were based on hourly water level readings retrieved from water gauging stations located along the lower Odra reaches and at the coasts of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Pomeranian Bay during storm surge years 2008/2009–2019/2020. The analysis of mutual relationships between water levels during storm surges indicated that the extent of marine influence on the lower Odra River and within the Szczecin Lagoon was variable during the studied surge events, and dependent on meteorological conditions (the strongest during the sustained occurrence of wind blowing from the northern sector), discharge from the Odra River catchment (the strongest at low discharge), ice conditions on the lower Odra (suppressing the storm surge propagation upstream), and general sea level in the Pomeranian Bay (stronger at high sea levels). The strongest correlation between sea levels at Świnoujście and water levels in the Szczecin Lagoon and the lower Odra was found at a 6–7 h offset. The extent of storm surges usually reached 100 km up the lower Odra channels, less frequently reaching 130 km away from the sea.

Coastal flooding protection will change salt-marsh sedimentation dynamics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Tognin ◽  
Andrea D'Alpaos ◽  
Marco Marani ◽  
Luca Carniello
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Venice Lagoon ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Sedimentation Dynamics

<p>Coastal wetlands lie at the interface between submerged and emerged environments and therefore represent unique yet delicate ecosystems. Their existence, resulting from complex interactions between hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics, is challenged by increasing rates of sea-level rise, lowered fluvial sediment input as well as an increasing anthropogenic pressure. The future survival of these peculiar morphologies is becoming even more complicated, because of the construction and planning of coastal defence structures designed to protect urban areas from flooding. Important examples are the flood protection systems built to protect New Orleans (USA), the river Scheldt Estuary (The Netherlands) and Venice (Italy). In this context, understanding the physical processes on which coastal marshes are grounded and how engineering measures can alter them is of extreme importance in order to plan conservation interventions.</p><p>To understand marsh sedimentation dynamics in flood-regulated environments, we investigated through field observations and modelling the effect of the storm-surge barrier designed to protect the city of Venice, the so-called Mo.S.E. system, which has in fact become operational since October 2020.</p><p>Sedimentation measurements in different salt marshes of the Venice lagoon carried out in the period October 2018-October 2020 show that more than 70% of yearly sedimentation accumulates during storm-surge conditions, despite their short duration. Moreover, the sedimentation rate displays a highly non-linear increase with marsh inundation intensity, due to the interplay between higher water levels and greater suspended sediment concentration. Barrier operations during storm surges to avoid flooding of urban areas will reduce water levels and marsh inundation. Therefore, we computed sedimentation in a flood-regulated scenario for the same observation period, using the relation we obtained between tidal forcing and sedimentation rate. Our results show that some occasional closures during intense storm surges (70 hours/year on average) suffice to reduce the yearly sedimentation of the same order of magnitude of the relative sea-level rise rate experienced by the Venice lagoon during the last century (2.5 mm/y).</p><p>We conclude that storm-surge barrier operations can dangerously reduce salt-marsh vertical accretion rate, thus challenging wetland survival in face of increasing sea-level rise.</p>

scholarly journals Storm surge and wave simulations in the Gulf of Mexico using a consistent drag relation for atmospheric and storm surge models

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2399-2410 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vatvani ◽  
N. C. Zweers ◽  
M. van Ormondt ◽  
A. J. Smale ◽  
H. de Vries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Wave Effects

Abstract. To simulate winds and water levels, numerical weather prediction (NWP) and storm surge models generally use the traditional bulk relation for wind stress, which is characterized by a wind drag coefficient. A still commonly used drag coefficient in those models, some of them were developed in the past, is based on a relation, according to which the magnitude of the coefficient is either constant or increases monotonically with increasing surface wind speed (Bender, 2007; Kim et al., 2008; Kohno and Higaki, 2006). The NWP and surge models are often tuned independently from each other in order to obtain good results. Observations have indicated that the magnitude of the drag coefficient levels off at a wind speed of about 30 m s−1, and then decreases with further increase of the wind speed. Above a wind speed of approximately 30 m s−1, the stress above the air-sea interface starts to saturate. To represent the reducing and levelling off of the drag coefficient, the original Charnock drag formulation has been extended with a correction term. In line with the above, the Delft3D storm surge model is tested using both Charnock's and improved Makin's wind drag parameterization to evaluate the improvements on the storm surge model results, with and without inclusion of the wave effects. The effect of waves on storm surge is included by simultaneously simulating waves with the SWAN model on identical model grids in a coupled mode. However, the results presented here will focus on the storm surge results that include the wave effects. The runs were carried out in the Gulf of Mexico for Katrina and Ivan hurricane events. The storm surge model was initially forced with H*wind data (Powell et al., 2010) to test the effect of the Makin's wind drag parameterization on the storm surge model separately. The computed wind, water levels and waves are subsequently compared with observation data. Based on the good results obtained, we conclude that, for a good reproduction of the storm surges under hurricane conditions, Makin's new drag parameterization is favourable above the traditional Charnock relation. Furthermore, we are encouraged by these results to continue the studies and establish the effect of improved Makin's wind drag parameterization in the wave model. The results from this study will be used to evaluate the relevance of extending the present towards implementation of a similar wind drag parameterization in the SWAN wave model, in line with our aim to apply a consistent wind drag formulation throughout the entire storm surge modelling approach.

scholarly journals Storm Surge Assessment Methodology Based on Numerical Modelling

10.29007/hrlw ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Santos ◽  
Mariana Gomes ◽  
Luis Vieira ◽  
José Pinho ◽  
José Antunes Do Carmo
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
High Water ◽  
Automatic Generation ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Tropical Storms ◽  
Assessment Methodology ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Generation Procedure

Coastal zones face severe weaknesses and high-risk situations due to coastal threats like erosion and storms and due to an increasing intensive occupation. Tropical storms events can contribute to the occurrence of these situations, by causing storm surges with high water levels and, consequently, episodes of waves overtopping and coastal flooding. This work aims to describe a methodology to estimate the storm surge occurrences in the Portuguese coastal zone, recurring to historical tropical storms data that occurred in the vicinity of Portugal and to numerical modeling of its characteristics. Delft3D software together with DelfDashboard tools were applied for the numerical modelling. An automatic generation procedure of storms was implemented based on the few available historical storms data characteristics. Obtained results allows to characterize storm surges along the Portuguese coast, identifying the most vulnerable areas and, consequently contributing for its proper planning and management.

scholarly journals Numerical modelling and computer visualization of the storm surge in and around the Croatan-Albemarle-Pamlico estuary system produced by hurricane Emily of August 1993

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-578
Author(s):  
LEONARD J. PIETRAFESA ◽  
LIAN XIE ◽  
JOHN MORRISON ◽  
GERALD S. JANOWITZ ◽  
JOSEPH PELISSIER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Storm Track ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Flood Water ◽  
Outer Banks ◽  
Cape Hatteras ◽  
Sound Side

Hurricane Emily unleashed its fury on the Outer Banks of North Carolina on 31 August 1993. Storm surge was a major cause of damage along the Outer Banks. The highest flood water (11-11.5ft) occurred in the Buxton area near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. It was reported that this flood water was from storm surges along the sound side of the barrier islands. An experimental forecast was conducted for this event in real time using Croatan-Albemarle-Pamlico estuary systems (CAPES) storm surge prediction model developed at North Carolina State University (NCSU). It uses as input parameters the projected hurricane track, minimum center pressure, maximum sustained wind speed and radius of maximum wind speed provided by the National Hurricane Center (NHC). The forcing of the model also includes fresh water input from sound system rivers, and of coastal waters intruding into the sound via Ocracoke, Hatteras and Oregon inlets. The predicted maximum surge along the sound side of the Outer Banks was within 85-90% of the post-storm highwater-mark survey data provided by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Albeit, an after the fact simulation using the post-storm analysis of the track of Emily provided by the NHC, the maximum storm surge along the sound side of the Outer Bancks predicted by the model was within 95-98% of the maximum highwater mark data. The location of the predicted maximum surge for both pre and first model runs was near Cape Hatteras, which agreed well with USGS's survey data. We conclude that the CAPES storm surge model is capable of providing accurate storm surge forecasts in and around the CAPES, but such forecasts are sensitive to not only the observed storm size and intensity but in particular, the projected storm track.  

scholarly journals Maximum Storm Tide Response to the Intensity of Typhoons and Bathymetric Changes along the East Coast of Taiwan

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Cheng Liu ◽  
Wei-Bo Chen ◽  
Lee-Yaw Lin
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Return Period ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Astronomical Tide ◽  
Extreme Flooding ◽  
Bathymetric Changes

A typhoon-induced storm surge is considered one of the most severe coastal disasters in Taiwan. However, the combination of the storm surge and the astronomical tide called the storm tide can actually cause extreme flooding in coastal areas. This study implemented a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to account for the interaction between tides and storm surges on the coast of Taiwan. The model was validated with observed water levels at Sauo Fish Port, Hualien Port, and Chenggong Fish Port under different historical typhoon events. The model results are in reasonable agreement with the measured data. The validated model was then used to evaluate the effects of the typhoon's intensity, bathymetric change, and the combination of the typhoon’s intensity and bathymetric change on the maximum storm tide and its distribution along the east coast of Taiwan. The results indicated that the maximum storm tide rises to 1.92 m under a typhoon with an intensity of a 100-year return period. The maximum storm tide increased from a baseline of 1.26 m to 2.63 m for a 90% bathymetric rise at Sauo Fish Port under the conditions of Typhoon Jangmi (2008). The combination of the intensity of a typhoon with a 100-year return period and a 90% bathymetric rise will result in a maximum storm tide exceeding 4 m, 2 m, and 3 m at Sauo Fish Port, Hualien Port, and Chenggong Fish Port, respectively. We also found that the distribution of the maximum storm tide on the east coast of Taiwan can expand significantly subject to the bathymetric rise.

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