scholarly journals Maximum Storm Tide Response to the Intensity of Typhoons and Bathymetric Changes along the East Coast of Taiwan

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Cheng Liu ◽  
Wei-Bo Chen ◽  
Lee-Yaw Lin
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Return Period ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Astronomical Tide ◽  
Extreme Flooding ◽  
Bathymetric Changes

A typhoon-induced storm surge is considered one of the most severe coastal disasters in Taiwan. However, the combination of the storm surge and the astronomical tide called the storm tide can actually cause extreme flooding in coastal areas. This study implemented a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to account for the interaction between tides and storm surges on the coast of Taiwan. The model was validated with observed water levels at Sauo Fish Port, Hualien Port, and Chenggong Fish Port under different historical typhoon events. The model results are in reasonable agreement with the measured data. The validated model was then used to evaluate the effects of the typhoon's intensity, bathymetric change, and the combination of the typhoon’s intensity and bathymetric change on the maximum storm tide and its distribution along the east coast of Taiwan. The results indicated that the maximum storm tide rises to 1.92 m under a typhoon with an intensity of a 100-year return period. The maximum storm tide increased from a baseline of 1.26 m to 2.63 m for a 90% bathymetric rise at Sauo Fish Port under the conditions of Typhoon Jangmi (2008). The combination of the intensity of a typhoon with a 100-year return period and a 90% bathymetric rise will result in a maximum storm tide exceeding 4 m, 2 m, and 3 m at Sauo Fish Port, Hualien Port, and Chenggong Fish Port, respectively. We also found that the distribution of the maximum storm tide on the east coast of Taiwan can expand significantly subject to the bathymetric rise.

scholarly journals Predicting typhoon-induced storm surge tide with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model and artificial neural network model

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3799-3809 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.-B. Chen ◽  
W.-C. Liu ◽  
M.-H. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Hydrodynamic Model ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Astronomical Tide ◽  
Tide Level ◽  
Surge Height ◽  
Bpnn Model

Abstract. Precise predictions of storm surges during typhoon events have the necessity for disaster prevention in coastal seas. This paper explores an artificial neural network (ANN) model, including the back propagation neural network (BPNN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) algorithms used to correct poor calculations with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model in predicting storm surge height during typhoon events. The two-dimensional model has a fine horizontal resolution and considers the interaction between storm surges and astronomical tides, which can be applied for describing the complicated physical properties of storm surges along the east coast of Taiwan. The model is driven by the tidal elevation at the open boundaries using a global ocean tidal model and is forced by the meteorological conditions using a cyclone model. The simulated results of the hydrodynamic model indicate that this model fails to predict storm surge height during the model calibration and verification phases as typhoons approached the east coast of Taiwan. The BPNN model can reproduce the astronomical tide level but fails to modify the prediction of the storm surge tide level. The ANFIS model satisfactorily predicts both the astronomical tide level and the storm surge height during the training and verification phases and exhibits the lowest values of mean absolute error and root-mean-square error compared to the simulated results at the different stations using the hydrodynamic model and the BPNN model. Comparison results showed that the ANFIS techniques could be successfully applied in predicting water levels along the east coastal of Taiwan during typhoon events.

scholarly journals Role of intertidal wetlands for tidal and storm tide attenuation along a confined estuary: a model study

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 3181-3224 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Smolders ◽  
Y. Plancke ◽  
S. Ides ◽  
P. Meire ◽  
S. Temmerman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Spring Tide ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Flood Risks ◽  
Model Study

Abstract. Coastal lowlands and estuaries are subjected to increasing flood risks during storm surges due to global and regional changes. Tidal wetlands are increasingly valued as effective natural buffers for storm surges by dissipating wave energy and providing flood water storage. While previous studies focused on flood wave attenuation within and behind wetlands, this study focuses on the effects of estuarine wetland properties on the attenuation of a storm tide that propagates along the length of an estuary. Wetland properties including elevation, surface area, and location within the estuary were investigated using a numerical model of the Scheldt estuary (Belgium, SW Netherlands). For a spring tide lower wetland elevations result in more attenuation of high water levels along the estuary, while for a higher storm tide higher elevations provide more attenuation compared to lower wetland elevations. For spring and storm tide a arger wetland surface area results in a better attenuation along the estuary up to a threshold wetland size for which larger wetlands do not further contribute to more attenuation. Finally a wetland of the same size and elevation, but located more upstream in the estuary, can store a larger proportion of the local flood volume and therefore has a larger attenuating effect on upstream high water levels. With this paper we aim to contribute towards a better understanding and wider implementation of ecosystem-based adaptation to increasing estuarine flood risks associated with storms.

Uncertainty in coastal flooding: modelling and visualisation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Maskell
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Return Period ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
High Water ◽  
Coastal Flooding ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Flood Maps

<p>Two case studies are considered in the UK, where uncertainty and drivers of coastal flood risk are explored through modelling and visualisations. Visualising the impact of uncertainty is a useful way of explaining the potential range of predicted or simulated flood risk to both expert and non-expert stakeholders.</p><p>Significant flooding occurred in December 2013 and January 2017 at Hornsea on the UK East Coast, where storm surge levels and waves overtopped the town’s coastal defences. Uncertainty in the potential coastal flooding is visualised at Hornsea due to the range of uncertainty in the 100-year return period water level and in the calculated overtopping due to 3 m waves at the defences. The range of uncertainty in the simulated flooding is visualised through flood maps, where various combinations of the uncertainties decrease or increase the simulated inundated area by 58% and 82% respectively.</p><p>Located at the mouth of the Mersey Estuary and facing the Irish Sea, New Brighton is affected by a large tidal range with potential storm surge and large waves. Uncertainty in the coastal flooding at the 100-year return period due to the combination of water levels and waves is explored through Monte-Carlo analysis and hydrodynamic modelling. Visualisation through flood maps shows that the inundation extent at New Brighton varies significantly for combined wave and surge events with a joint probability of 100 years, where the total flooded area ranges from 0 m<sup>2</sup> to 10,300 m<sup>2</sup>. Waves are an important flood mechanism at New Brighton but are dependent on high water levels to impact the coastal defences and reduce the effective freeboard. The combination of waves and high-water levels at this return level not only determine the magnitude of the flood extent but also the spatial characteristics of the risk, whereby flooding of residential properties is dominated by overflow from high water levels, and commercial and leisure properties are affected by large waves that occur when the water level is relatively high at the defences.</p>

scholarly journals Simulation of storm surge inundation under different typhoon intensity scenarios: case study of Pingyang County, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2777-2790
Author(s):  
Xianwu Shi ◽  
Pubing Yu ◽  
Zhixing Guo ◽  
Zhilin Sun ◽  
Fuyuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Astronomical Tide ◽  
Evacuation Plans ◽  
Typhoon Intensity ◽  
Typhoon Tracks ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. China is one of the countries that is most seriously affected by storm surges. In recent years, storm surges in coastal areas of China have caused huge economic losses and a large number of human casualties. Knowledge of the inundation range and water depth of storm surges under different typhoon intensities could assist predisaster risk assessment and making evacuation plans, as well as provide decision support for responding to storm surges. Taking Pingyang County in Zhejiang Province as a case study area, parameters including typhoon tracks, radius of maximum wind speed, astronomical tide, and upstream flood runoff were determined for different typhoon intensities. Numerical simulations were conducted using these parameters to investigate the inundation range and water depth distribution of storm surges in Pingyang County considering the impact of seawall collapse under five different intensity scenarios (corresponding to minimum central pressure values equal to 915, 925, 935, 945, and 965 hPa). The inundated area ranged from 103.51 to 233.16 km2 for the most intense typhoon. The proposed method could be easily adopted in various coastal counties and serves as an effective tool for decision-making in storm surge disaster risk reduction practices.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of wind and surge of the 1906 storm tide at the German North Sea Coast

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke M. I. Meyer ◽  
Ralf Weisse ◽  
Iris Grabemann ◽  
Birger Tinz ◽  
Robert Scholz
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Spring Tide ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
North Sea Coast

Abstract. Storm tides represent a major threat to the low-lying German North Sea coast. Knowledge of extremes is essential for the design of reliable and robust coastal defences. A storm tide that occurred on 12–13 March 1906 along the German Bight coastline still represents one of the strongest events on record. For this event, detailed knowledge of atmospheric and hydrodynamic conditions is still lacking. To assess the potential impact of such an event on today’s coastline, century-long atmospheric reanalysis data together with a manual synoptic reconstruction based on archived weather data were used to drive a tide-surge model and to simulate water levels during the event. Sensitivity experiments were performed to estimate potential amplification of water levels that could have been caused by different time lags between the storm and the astronomical tide. Comparison between the model results and the limited available observational data indicated, that the water levels could be reasonably reconstructed using wind fields from the manual synoptic approach and some of the reanalysis ensemble members. The amplification potential was found to be low because the storm occurred during spring tide and shifts in the phase of the astronomic tide yielded only small changes in total water levels. To summarize, if pressure data are available at relevant locations, historical storm surges can be simulated with reanalysis products and also with a manual synoptic reconstruction.

scholarly journals Storm surge development in the Southern North Sea and the Elbe river in Europe during the last century and its practical application

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-514
Author(s):  
GABRIELE GONNERT ◽  
WINFRIED SIEFERT
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Elbe River ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Southern North Sea ◽  
European North ◽  
The Elbe River

ABSTRACT. The development of storm surges during the last century in the European North Sea and the Elbe River is presented. The results show an increase in the number of the storm tides and the storm surge curves, but no increase in the level. The reason for the increase of the storm surge curves - especially those with more than one storm tide crest - must be an increase of the wind duration. With the analyses of the storm surge curve and the storm surge peak, it is possible to calculate the design dike level.    

scholarly journals EXTREME WATER LEVEL EXCEEDANCE PROBABILITIES AROUND AUSTRALIA

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (33) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Leigh MacPherson ◽  
Ivan David Haigh ◽  
Matthew Mason ◽  
Sarath Wijeratne ◽  
Charitha Pattiaratchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Return Period ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Extreme Water Level ◽  
Extreme Water Levels

The potential impacts of extreme water level events on our coasts are increasing as populations grow and sea levels rise. To better prepare for the future, coastal engineers and managers need accurate estimates of average exceedance probabilities for extreme water levels. In this paper, we estimate present day probabilities of extreme water levels around the entire coastline of Australia. Tides and storm surges generated by extra-tropical storms were included by creating a 61-year (1949-2009) hindcast of water levels using a high resolution depth averaged hydrodynamic model driven with meteorological data from a global reanalysis. Tropical cyclone-induced surges were included through numerical modelling of a database of synthetic tropical cyclones equivalent to 10,000 years of cyclone activity around Australia. Predicted water level data was analysed using extreme value theory to construct return period curves for both the water level hindcast and synthetic tropical cyclone modelling. These return period curves were then combined by taking the highest water level at each return period.

scholarly journals A MULTI-MODEL APPROACH TO SIMULATE THE STORM SURGE AT PUERTO RICO DUE TO HURRICANES IRMA AND MARIA

2018 ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
David F. Kelly ◽  
Ewelina Luczko ◽  
Michael Fullarton ◽  
Yahia Kala
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Wind Pressure ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Model Approach

In this paper we present the results of a multimodel approach to simulating the recent storm surges due to hurricanes Irma and Maria. The study focuses on Puerto Rico which, as a consequence of hurricane Maria, experienced storm surge around the entire perimeter of the island. In this study the storm tide is modeled using a variety of state-of-the-art 2DH numerical models. All models are based on the long wave assumption and employ the Non-Linear Shallow Water (NLSW) equations. The models vary according to the form of the governing NLSW equations that they employ. Differences include linearization and primitive variable or conserved variable (divergence) form. The numerical solution techniques used to solve the governing equations, as well as the options available for the wind, pressure, tidal forcing terms and wetting/drying techniques also vary between (and within) the models.

scholarly journals STORM SURGE FORECASTING METHODS IN ENCLOSED SEAS

1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
P.F. Hamblin
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
High Water ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Large Lakes ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Storm Surge Forecasting

Storm surges in enclosed seas although generally not as large in amplitude as their oceanic counterparts are nonetheless of considerable importance when low lying shoreline profiles, shallow water depth, and favourable geographical orientation to storm winds occur together. High water may result in shoreline innundation and in enhanced shoreline erosion. Conversely low water levels are hazardous to navigation. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the problem of storm surge forecasting in enclosed basins with emphasis on automated operational procedures. In general, operational forecasting methods must be based on standard forecast parameters, require a minimum of computational effort in the preparation of the forecast, must be applicable to lakes of different geometry and to any point on the shore, and to be able to resolve water level changes on an hourly basis to 10 cm in the case of high water level excursions associated with large lakes and less than that for smaller lakes. Particular physical effects arising in lakes which make these constraints difficult to fulfill are the reflections of resurgences of water levels arising from lateral boundaries, the stability of the atmospheric boundary layer and the presence of such subsynoptic disturbances as squall lines and travelling pressure jumps.

scholarly journals Storm Surge Causes and Different Variations

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Park Mao
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Normal Movement ◽  
Coastal Flood

A storm surge, storm flood or storm tide is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low pressure weather systems (such as tropical cyclones and strong extra-tropical cyclones), the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, as well as the timing of tides. Most casualties during tropical cyclones occur as the result of storm surges. It is a measure of the rise of water beyond what would be expected by the normal movement related to tides. The two main meteorological factors contributing to a storm surge are a long fetch of winds spiraling inward toward the storm, and a low-pressure-induced dome of water drawn up under and trailing the storm's center.

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