scholarly journals Non-destructive collection survey of the historical Classense Library. Part I: Paper characterisation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Brown ◽  
Floriana Coppola ◽  
Alberto Modelli ◽  
Floriana Amicucci ◽  
Dirk Lichtblau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Italy ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Current Conservation ◽  
Paper Properties ◽  
Degree Of Polymerisation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historic Paper ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Dose Response Function

Abstract An innovative survey was conducted of the collections of the historical Biblioteca Classense, located in the urban area of Ravenna (Northern Italy). The survey aimed to evaluate the current conservation state of the book collections, where 297 paper-based items, including incunabulae, manuscripts and books, dating from the 14th to the 20th century, were selected for analysis. This innovative survey was carried out non-destructively by assessing degradation visually and by measuring NIR spectral data followed by multivariate data analysis. Chemical and physical paper properties, important for paper characterisation and implementation of conservation strategies were determined, including paper type, pH, degree of polymerisation (DP), tensile strength, lignin, protein, and rosin content. This survey provided a significant quantitative dataset for rag paper covering a 600-year period. The analysis of DP changes over time allowed the first experimental estimation of the rate constant for historical rag paper, i.e., (4.2±0.6)·10-7 year-1, which was validated with predictions based on the Collections Demography dose response function for historic paper taking into account the past climate in Ravenna. Statistical methods were employed to describe the correlations between the measured variables and different features of the books, suggesting that the degree of polymerisation can be used as a general proxy for rag paper mechanical strength.

scholarly journals Non-destructive collection survey of the historical Classense Library. Part I: Paper characterisation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Brown ◽  
Floriana Coppola ◽  
Alberto Modelli ◽  
Floriana Amicucci ◽  
Dirk Lichtblau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Italy ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Current Conservation ◽  
Paper Properties ◽  
Degree Of Polymerisation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historic Paper ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Dose Response Function

Abstract An innovative survey was conducted of the collections of the historical Biblioteca Classense, located in the urban area of Ravenna (Northern Italy). The survey aimed to evaluate the current conservation state of the book collections, where 297 paper-based items, including incunabulae, manuscripts and books, dating from the 14th to the 20th century, were selected for analysis. This innovative survey was carried out non-destructively by assessing degradation visually and by measuring NIR spectral data followed by multivariate data analysis. Chemical and physical paper properties, important for paper characterisation and implementation of conservation strategies were determined, including paper type, pH, degree of polymerisation, tensile strength, lignin, protein, and rosin content. This survey provided a significant quantitative dataset for rag paper covering a 600-year period. The analysis of DP changes over time allowed the first experimental estimation of the rate constant for historical rag paper, i.e., (4.2 ± 0.6)·10−7 year−1, which was validated with predictions based on the Collections Demography dose response function for historic paper taking into account the past climate in Ravenna. Statistical methods were employed to describe the correlations between the measured variables and different features of the books, suggesting that the degree of polymerisation can be used as a general proxy for rag paper mechanical strength.

scholarly journals Non-destructive collection survey of the historical Classense Library. Part II: Conservation scenarios

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floriana Coppola ◽  
Natalie Brown ◽  
Floriana Amicucci ◽  
Matija Strlic ◽  
Alberto Modelli
Keyword(s):  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Preventive Conservation ◽  
Historical Collections ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Historic Paper ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
First Time ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract To enable the development of conservation strategies for valuable historical collections, an innovative non-destructive and non-invasive survey was conducted at an historical library (Classense Library, Ravenna, Italy) to assess how management scenarios may influence the future conservation state of the collections. For the first time, the results in terms of acidity and degree of polymerisation of book collections were elaborated using the Collection Demography dose-response function modelled for historic paper to predict the lifetimes of the collections in different environmental scenarios. Isochrone plots and demographic curves were elaborated to evaluate the fitness-for-use as a function of environmental and book conditions. The results show that the most sensitive items are books with iron gall ink and acidic (post-1850) books. These books are not predicted to survive a long-term planning horizon of 500 years in their current storage environments. The present results provide the decision-makers with two options for preserving the fitness-for-use of the collections: a preventive conservation with significant cooling of the storage environments, or an interventive conservation involving treatments such as deacidification.

Vegetational and environmental changes in the eastern Venetian coastal plain (Northern Italy) over the past 80,000 years

2007 ◽  
Vol 253 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 300-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Canali ◽  
Luca Capraro ◽  
Sandra Donnici ◽  
Federica Rizzetto ◽  
Rossana Serandrei-Barbero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
The Past

scholarly journals Rediscovery of Scorzonera amasiana Hausskn. and Bornm. - A threatened endemic species in Turkey

1970 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fergan Karaer ◽  
Ferhat Celep
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Species ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Small Populations ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Current Conservation ◽  
Iucn Criteria

Scorzonera amasiana Hausskn. and Bornm. was described from type specimens collected by J.F.N. Bornmueller in 1889 but it was not collected again until 1993, when it was found near Amasya, Turkey. Populations of S. amasiana were quite small at that limited locations and were vulnerable to human impacts. Therefore, suitable conservation strategies should be developed immediately in order to protect the species from probable extinction. Here, an additional three small populations are reported. Brief history, morphology, habitat and ecology of this endemic species have been discussed. Its current conservation status was reevaluated with respect to the latest IUCN criteria. A key to distinguish it from the other closely related Turkish species is also provided and its distribution map is appended.   Key words: Endangered, Rediscovery, Scorzonera, Turkey DOI = 10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1502 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(2): 139-144, 2007 (December)

scholarly journals Anti-Memorials and the Art of Forgetting: Critical Reflections on a Memorial Design Practice

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
SueAnne Ware
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Spectrum ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Design Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
Heroin Overdose ◽  
The Future ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Andreas Huyssen writes, ‘Remembrance as a vital human activity shapes our links to the past, and the ways we remember define us in the present. As individuals and societies, we need the past to construct and to anchor our identities and to nurture a vision of the future.’ Memory is continually affected by a complex spectrum of states such as forgetting, denial, repression, trauma, recounting and reconsidering, stimulated by equally complex changes in context and changes over time. The apprehension and reflective comprehension of landscape is similarly beset by such complexities. Just as the nature and qualities of memory comprise inherently fading, shifting and fleeting impressions of things which are themselves ever-changing, an understanding of a landscape, as well as the landscape itself, is a constantly evolving, emerging response to both immense and intimate influences. There is an incongruity between the inherent changeability of both landscapes and memories, and the conventional, formal strategies of commemoration that typify the constructed landscape memorial. The design work presented in this paper brings together such explorations of memory and landscape by examining the ‘memorial’. This article examines two projects. One concerns the fate of illegal refugees travelling to Australia: The SIEVX Memorial Project. The other, An Anti-Memorial to Heroin Overdose Victims, was designed by the author as part of the 2001 Melbourne Festival.

scholarly journals Multi-Method END Study in the Search for 'Defects' in an Aeronautical Radar Element

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Gaston Sanglier ◽  
Jose Miguel ◽  
Jose Antonio Penaranda ◽  
y Gabriel Del Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Partial Information ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Methods ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Indispensable Tool ◽  
Inspection Techniques ◽  
Non Destructive

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) has gone from being a simple laboratory curiosity to an indispensable tool in the industry to determine the level of quality achieved in its products. The new concepts of Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) bring a more universal concept of quality compared to the past philosophy based on Quality Control as a group specialized in checking whether production works within certain specifications. Even so, NDTs have not lost interest, but have seen their interest increased due to automated inspection techniques. It has become a contribution to the structuring of quality as it allows to move from purely empirical criteria to other more objective and that constitute the link between design and evaluation (Ramirez et al, 1996). The work presented, although it does not propose new methods or techniques of NDT, has the interest of converging into a single object five conventional methods each of which provides partial information about their quality of manufacture and must synthesize the results in order to evaluate it. Furthermore, it shows a situation of the application of NDT in which these must be applied in the absence of reference standards, as they do not exist. This peculiar situation is completely different from the usual situation in the use of NDT in the industry, both in manufacturing processes and in maintenance inspections.

Multispecies and Watershed Approaches to Freshwater Fish Conservation

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Diversity ◽  
Reserve Design ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Aquatic Communities ◽  
Fish Conservation ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Current Conservation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Effective Conservation

<em>Abstract</em>.—Traditional approaches to fish conservation have focused on the protection of small habitat patches or on individual species at risk of extinction. These strategies have been important yet largely have been too little and too late for widespread protection of aquatic faunas. Such small-scale and reactive approaches also are costly in terms of recovery programs and aggressive in terms of regulatory controls. Further, the linear nature of streams and the networked configuration of drainage systems suggest that a fundamentally different approach to reserve design and protected areas is necessary for effective conservation of freshwater communities when compared to terrestrial systems. Larger-scale, multispecies approaches to native fish conservation offer a more efficient and effective conservation strategy because entire fish communities and the ecological processes that support maintenance of habitat diversity can be sustained before the status of individual species deteriorates to critical levels. Protecting entire communities and watersheds also offers some resistance to climate change impacts, which rapidly are altering flow regimes and disturbance dynamics in aquatic systems. Identification and protection of high-value aquatic communities will provide an important supplement to current conservation strategies during times of increasing threats and future uncertainty.

scholarly journals Shoot, shovel and shut up: cryptic poaching slows restoration of a large carnivore in Europe

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1730) ◽  
pp. 910-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olof Liberg ◽  
Guillaume Chapron ◽  
Petter Wabakken ◽  
Hans Christian Pedersen ◽  
N. Thompson Hobbs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canis Lupus ◽  
State Space Model ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Population Recovery ◽  
Large Carnivores ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Space Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Conservation Plans

Poaching is a widespread and well-appreciated problem for the conservation of many threatened species. Because poaching is illegal, there is strong incentive for poachers to conceal their activities, and consequently, little data on the effects of poaching on population dynamics are available. Quantifying poaching mortality should be a required knowledge when developing conservation plans for endangered species but is hampered by methodological challenges. We show that rigorous estimates of the effects of poaching relative to other sources of mortality can be obtained with a hierarchical state–space model combined with multiple sources of data. Using the Scandinavian wolf ( Canis lupus ) population as an illustrative example, we show that poaching accounted for approximately half of total mortality and more than two-thirds of total poaching remained undetected by conventional methods, a source of mortality we term as ‘cryptic poaching’. Our simulations suggest that without poaching during the past decade, the population would have been almost four times as large in 2009. Such a severe impact of poaching on population recovery may be widespread among large carnivores. We believe that conservation strategies for large carnivores considering only observed data may not be adequate and should be revised by including and quantifying cryptic poaching.

The Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage in Seismic Areas

2010 ◽  
Vol 133-134 ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Julio Vargas Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Earthen Structures ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
Conservation Principles ◽  
Seismic Forces

The acceleration of climate change and the increasing frequency of natural disasters mean that there is an urgent need to adapt conservation strategies for architectural heritage to the world’s new demands and situations. This is particularly relevant for the most vulnerable constructions, such as earthen structures. Because of the dramatic effect that earthquakes can have on architecture, and especially on historical monuments, they have been studied for the past 50 years. Earthquakes divide the world in two very distinct geographic areas: seismic and non-seismic. The seismic vulnerability of earthen architectural heritage, such as earthen structures and mud mortar masonry, evidences in by how weak they are when compared to structures built using other construction materials (10 to 15 times weaker). Humanity’s past experience in the conservation of architectural heritage allows us to be aware of the need to improve and eventually perfect the existing conservation charters, which were discussed and signed in Europe in the last century. These charters do not make a distinction between heritage conservation in seismic and non-seismic areas. It is imperative to address this particular issue, as seismic forces can be too strong for earthen constructions to resist, which can lead to their irreparable collapse. Inspired by the Venice Charter and China´s principles as well as by more modern documents, such as the Burra, Mexico, Zimbabwe, Lausana Charters, researchers have tried to establish adequate and resistant conservation guidelines, based on achieving the best structural performance using a minimum permanent and reversible reinforcement. Although this involves causing some impact on the architectural heritage, it also means that human lives and buildings can be protected. The paper will provide real examples to illustrate these cases and will attempt to outline the conservation principles required to protect vulnerable structures, such as those earthen constructions or mud mortar brick or stone masonry built in seismic areas.

scholarly journals Detection of Defects Using Spatial Variances of Guided-Wave Modes in Testing of Pipes

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houman Mahal ◽  
Kai Yang ◽  
Asoke Nandi
Keyword(s):  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Guided Wave ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Domain Signal ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Noise Region ◽  
Detection Of Defects

In the past decade, guided-wave testing has attracted the attention of the non-destructive testing industry for pipeline inspections. This technology enables the long-range assessment of pipelines’ integrity, which significantly reduces the expenditure of testing in terms of cost and time. Guided-wave testing collars consist of several linearly placed arrays of transducers around the circumference of the pipe, which are called rings, and can generate unidirectional axisymmetric elastic waves. The current propagation routine of the device generates a single time-domain signal by doing a phase-delayed summation of each array element. The segments where the energy of the signal is above the local noise region are reported as anomalies by the inspectors. Nonetheless, the main goal of guided-wave inspection is the detection of axisymmetric waves generated by the features within the pipes. In this paper, instead of processing a single signal obtained from the general propagation routine, we propose to process signals that are directly obtained from all of the array elements. We designed an axisymmetric wave detection algorithm, which is validated by laboratory trials on real-pipe data with two defects on different locations with varying cross-sectional area (CSA) sizes of 2% and 3% for the first defect, and 4% and 5% for the second defect. The results enabled the detection of defects with low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), which were almost buried in the noise level. These results are reported with regard to the three different developed methods with varying excitation frequencies of 30 kHz, 34 kHz, and 37 kHz. The tests demonstrated the advantage of using the information received from all of the elements rather than a single signal.

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