Research on Blood Oxygen Activity in Cerebral Cortical Motor Function Areas With Adjustment Intention During Gait

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunguang Li ◽  
Yufei Zhu ◽  
Wei Qu ◽  
Lining Sun
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Gait Control ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Speed Increase ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
The Right

Abstract BACKGROUND: The study of the neural mechanism of human gait control can provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of walking disorders or the improvement of rehabilitation strategies, and further promote the functional rehabilitation of patients with movement disorders. However, the performance and changes of cerebral cortex activity corresponding to gait adjustment intentions arestill not clear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to detect the blood oxygen activation characterization of the cerebral cortex motor function area when people have intention to adjust gait during walking. METHODS: 30 young volunteers (21 ± 1 years old) perform normal walking (NW), speed increase (DI), speed reduction (DR), step increase (PI) and step reduction (PR), during which continuous monitoring of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO), deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) and total oxyhemoglobin (HbT) information in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), premotor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA) using near infrared brain functional imaging.RESULTS: (1) With the intention to adjust gait, the HbO concentration in the SMA increased significantly (p=0.0029), while the HbT concentration in the Medial-PFC decreased significantly (p=0.0088). (2) In the HbO concentration, step reduction is more activated than the step increase in the Left-PMC (p=0.0130); step adjustment is more activated thanspeed adjustment in the Right-PMC (p=0.0067).In the HbR concentration, speed reduction is more activated than the speed increase in the Left-PFC(p=0.0103). In the HbT concentration, an increase in gait parameters is more activated than the decrease in gait parameters in the Left-PFC(p=0.0042).CONCLUSIONS: (1) When the intention of gait adjustment occurs, the increase of HbO concentration in the SMA indicates the initial stage of gait adjustment will increase the motion cognitive needs of the brain.(2) The right brain area, especially the Right-PMC, is responsible for step adjustment. While the left brain area, especially the Left-PFC, meets the additional nerve needs of speed adjustment. The increase in gait parameters promotes more blood oxygen metabolism in the Left-PFC to meet the needs of enhanced nerve activity. The preliminary findings of this study can lay an important theoretical foundation for the realization of gait control based on fNIRS-BCI technology.

scholarly journals Research on blood oxygen activity in cerebral cortical motor function areas with adjustment intention during gait

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Chunguang Li ◽  
Yufei Zhu ◽  
Wei Qu ◽  
Lining Sun
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Gait Control ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Speed Increase ◽  
Imaging Results ◽  
Speed Adjustment

BACKGROUND: The study of the neural mechanism of human gait control can provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of walking disorders or the improvement of rehabilitation strategies, and further promote the functional rehabilitation of patients with movement disorders. However, the performance and changes of cerebral cortex activity corresponding to gait adjustment intentions are still not clear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to detect the blood oxygen activation characterization of the cerebral cortex motor function area when people have the intention to adjust gait during walking. METHODS: Thirty young volunteers (21 ± 1 years old) performed normal walking, speed increase, speed reduction, step increase, and step reduction, during which oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO), deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR), and total oxyhemoglobin (HbT) information in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), premotor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA) was continuous monitored using near-infrared brain functional imaging. RESULTS: (1) With the intention to adjust gait, the HbO concentration in the SMA increased significantly, while the HbT concentration in the medial-PFC decreased significantly. (2) In the HbO concentration, step reduction is more activated than the step increase in the left-PMC (p= 0.0130); step adjustment is more activated than speed adjustment in the right-PMC (p= 0.0067). In the HbR concentration, the speed reduction is more activated than the speed increase in the left-PFC (p= 0.0103). CONCLUSIONS: When the intention of gait adjustment occurs, the increase of HbO concentration in the SMA indicates the initial stage of gait adjustment will increase the cognitive-locomotor demand of the brain. The left brain area meets the additional nerve needs of speed adjustment. The preliminary findings of this study can lay an important theoretical foundation for the realization of gait control based on fNIRS-BCI technology.

Human Gait Indicators of Carrying a Concealed Firearm : A Skeletal Tracking and Data Mining Approach

2018 ◽  
pp. 368-383
Author(s):  
Henry Muchiri ◽  
Ismail Ateya ◽  
Gregory Wanyembi
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Depth Camera ◽  
Joint Position ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Gait Characteristics ◽  
Data Mining Approach ◽  
Security Personnel ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
The Right

There has been an increase in crimes involving illegal firearms in the last couple of years. Previous studies have found that most illegal firearms are carried in a concealed manner. The detection therefore of persons carrying concealed firearms is critical in maintaining security especially in public places. Literature indicates that disruption in gait is a major indicator used by security personnel to detect persons carrying concealed firearms especially those tucked on the hip. However, the specific gait parameters that are indicative have not yet been quantitatively determined. The purpose of this study therefore is to analyze the gait of persons carrying a concealed firearm tucked on the right hip and to quantitatively determine the gait characteristics associated with carrying the firearm. A simulation of persons walking while carrying a concealed firearm and when unarmed was recorded using Kinect V2 depth camera. The depth camera provided 3D spatial skeletal joint position features of tracked joints for the armed and unarmed scenario. Paired t-tests were conducted to compare these features. Further, the results of the t-tests were related to the anatomical planes of Motion. Results showed that persons carrying a firearm demonstrated disrupted gait characterized by right arm abduction, left arm adduction, right leg adduction and extension. These findings extend existing gait indicators which can be employed by security personnel to identify persons carrying concealed firearms.

Classifying Passing Maneuvers

2005 ◽  
Vol 1937 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Jenkins ◽  
L. R. Rilett
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Speed Increase ◽  
Acceleration And Deceleration ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right

Passing an impeding vehicle on a two-way two-lane roadway is a complex maneuver because of the variety of passing conditions and driver behavior. In this study, the supposition that passing maneuvers can be classified on the basis of a quantitative description of passing behavior was examined by analyzing data collected during a passing experiment conducted in a driving simulator. Evidence was found to support the following hypotheses: ( a) the speed increase of the passing vehicle during the passing maneuver is smaller when the speed difference between the passing and impeding vehicles at the moment of initial acceleration is greater and ( b) the speed reduction of the passing vehicle during the latter portion of the passing maneuver is greater when the time to collision with the oncoming vehicle at the moment when the passing vehicle returns to the right lane is greater. Therefore, it was concluded that the start of a pass can be classified by acceleration behavior, and the end of the pass can be classified by deceleration behavior. This behavioral approach is an improvement to classifying passing maneuvers on the basis of a qualitative assessment of the passing conditions, as in establishing the AASHTO passing sight distance design criteria and the minimum passing sight distances in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. A particular passing behavior, described by a specific acceleration and deceleration behavior, could be used to modify or update these criteria, thereby improving the guidance given to passing drivers and potentially the safety of passing areas.

scholarly journals Non-Stationary Model of Cerebral Oxygen Transport with Unknown Sources

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 910
Author(s):  
Andrey Kovtanyuk ◽  
Alexander Chebotarev ◽  
Varvara Turova ◽  
Irina Sidorenko ◽  
Renée Lampe
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Cerebral Oxygen ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Stationary Model ◽  
Average Oxygen Concentration ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

An inverse problem for a system of equations modeling oxygen transport in the brain is studied. The problem consists of finding the right-hand side of the equation for the blood oxygen transport, which is a linear combination of given functionals describing the average oxygen concentration in the neighborhoods of the ends of arterioles and venules. The overdetermination condition is determined by the values of these functionals evaluated on the solution. The unique solvability of the problem is proven without any smallness assumptions on the model parameters.

Consciousness Emanates from the Neuronal Network of Coordination, A Fact Endorsed by Preserved Consciousness in Focal Ischemic Infarctions

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
Dr. Sohail Adnan ◽  
Dr. Mubasher Shah ◽  
Dr. Syed Fahim Shah ◽  
Dr. Fahad Naim ◽  
Dr. Akhtar Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Network ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Altered Consciousness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Consciousness Disorder ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Background: Consciousness has remained a difficult problem for the scientists to explore its relationship to the brain activity. This is the first paper that presents the significance of focal areas of the cerebral cortex for consciousness. Objectives: To determine if consciousness is produced by the activity of the whole brain or one of its focal areas. Methods: We have performed a prospective cross-sectional study in eighty patients of acute ischemic stroke. The neurovascular territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was sectioned into four similar areas. The association of any of these focal areas to consciousness was observed after their dysfunction with ischemic strokes. Results: Of the eighty patients, 57.5 % were males and 42.5 % were females. Mean age was 63 years ± 7 SD. The righthanded patients were 90 % (72) of the whole sample. Focal areas of the right MCA were generally less prone to consciousness disorder. Average statistics of the focal infarctions of the right MCA showed no tendency for consciousness disorder on the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) [Mean GCS of all focal areas; 14.5, SD; 0.71, 95 % CI; 14.27 to 14.72, P= 0.0000004]. Altered consciousness with focal infarctions of the territory of left MCA was also less likely [Mean GCS of all focal areas; 14.2, SD; 1.01, 95 % CI; 13.88 to 14.51, P= 0.0004]. Conclusion: Consciousness is not determined by the activity of a focal area of the cerebral cortex. Perhaps, we get our consciousness from the activity of “Neuronal Network of Coordination”.

Analgesic effect of paired associative stimulation in a tetraplegic patient with severe drug-resistant neuropathic pain: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Selja Vaalto ◽  
Anna-Lena Nyman ◽  
Anastasia Shulga
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Motor Rehabilitation ◽  
Paired Associative Stimulation ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Right

Abstract Objectives There is no effective evidence-based non-pharmacological treatment for severe neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury (SCI). Paired associative stimulation (PAS) has been used in motor rehabilitation of patients after SCI. In the SCI-PAS protocol for tetraplegic patients, peripheral and central nerve tracts are activated with subject-specific timing, such that ascending and descending signals appear simultaneously at the cervical level. The effect on motor rehabilitation is thought to arise via strengthening of cervical upper and lower motoneuron synapses. We have observed an analgesic effect of PAS on mild-to-moderate neuropathic pain in tetraplegic patients receiving PAS for motor rehabilitation. Here, we applied PAS to a patient with severe drug-resistant neuropathic pain. Methods The patient is a 50-year-old man who had a traumatic cervical SCI three years earlier. He has partial paresis in the upper limbs and completely plegic lower limbs. The most severe pain is located in the right upper limb and shoulder region. The pain has not responded to either pharmacological therapy or repetitive-TMS therapy targeted to either primary motor cortex or secondary somatosensory cortex. PAS was targeted to relieve pain in the right upper arm. Peripheral nerve stimulation targeted the median, ulnar, and radial nerves and was accompanied by TMS pulses to the motor representation area of abductor pollicis brevis, abductor digiti minimi, and extensor digitorum communis muscles, respectively. Results Hand motor function, especially finger abduction and extension, was already enhanced during the first therapy week. Pain decreased at the end of the second therapy week. Pain was milder especially in the evenings. Numerical rating scale scores (evening) decreased 44% and patient estimation of global impression of change was 1, subjectively indicating great benefit when compared to before therapy. Quality of sleep also improved. Conclusions The SCI-PAS protocol reduced neuropathic pain in our subject. The mechanism behind the analgesic effect may involve the modulation of nociceptive and sensory neuronal circuits at the spinal cord level. The possibility to use PAS as an adjunct treatment in drug-resistant post-SCI neuropathic pain warrants further investigation and sham-controlled studies. Patients with neuropathic pain due to SCI may benefit from PAS therapy in addition to PAS therapy-induced improvement in motor function.

scholarly journals Low-frequency electroencephalogram oscillations govern left-eye lateralization during anti-predatory responses in the music frog

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (21) ◽  
pp. jeb232637
Author(s):  
Jiangyan Shen ◽  
Ke Fang ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
Yanzhu Fan ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Left Visual Field ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Right ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Steady Velocity

ABSTRACTVisual lateralization is widespread for prey and anti-predation in numerous taxa. However, it is still unknown how the brain governs this asymmetry. In this study, we conducted behavioral and electrophysiological experiments to evaluate anti-predatory behaviors and dynamic brain activities in Emei music frogs (Nidirana daunchina), to explore the potential eye bias for anti-predation and the underlying neural mechanisms. To do this, predator stimuli (a model snake head and a leaf as a control) were moved around the subjects in clockwise and anti-clockwise directions at steady velocity. We counted the number of anti-predatory responses and measured electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra for each band and brain area (telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon). Our results showed that (1) no significant eye preferences could be found for the control (leaf); however, the laterality index was significantly lower than zero when the predator stimulus was moved anti-clockwise, suggesting that left-eye advantage exists in this species for anti-predation; (2) compared with no stimulus in the visual field, the power spectra of delta and alpha bands were significantly greater when the predator stimulus was moved into the left visual field anti-clockwise; and, (3) generally, the power spectra of each band in the right-hemisphere for the left visual field were higher than those in the left counterpart. These results support that the left eye mediates the monitoring of a predator in music frogs and lower-frequency EEG oscillations govern this visual lateralization.

scholarly journals Neural Stem Cells Expressing bFGF Reduce Brain Damage and Restore Sensorimotor Function after Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingsong Ye ◽  
Yanqing Wu ◽  
Jiamin Wu ◽  
Shuang Zou ◽  
Ali Ahmed Al-Zaazaai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Neonatal Hypoxia ◽  
Cell Based Therapy ◽  
Hypoxia Ischemia ◽  
The Right

Background/Aims: Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) causes severe brain damage and significantly increases neonatal morbidity and mortality. Increasing evidences have verified that stem cell-based therapy has the potential to rescue the ischemic tissue and restore function via secreting growth factors after HI. Here, we had investigated whether intranasal neural stem cells (NSCs) treatment improves the recovery of neonatal HI, and NSCs overexpressing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has a better therapeutic effect for recovery than NSCs treatment only. Methods: We performed permanent occlusion of the right common carotid artery in 9-day old ICR mice as animal model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. At 3 days post-HI, NSC, NSC-GFP, NSC-bFGF and vehicle were delivered intranasally. To determine the effect of intranasal NSC, NSC-GFP and NSC-bFGF treatment on recovery after HI, we analyzed brain damage, sensor-motor function and cell differentiation. Results: It was observed that intranasal NSC, NSC-GFP and NSC-bFGF treatment decreased gray and white matter loss area in comparison with vehicle-treated mouse. NSC, NSC-GFP and NSC-bFGF treatment also significantly improved sensor motor function in cylinder rearing test and adhesive removal test, however, NSC-bFGF-treatment was more effective than NSC-treatment in the improvement of somatosensory function. Furthermore, compared with NSC and NSC-GFP, NSC-bFGF treatment group appeared to differentiate into more neurons. Conclusion: Taken together, intranasal administration of NSCs is a promising therapy for treatment of neonatal HI, but NSCs overexpressing bFGF promotes the survival and differentiation of NSCs, and consequently achieves a better therapeutic effect in improving recovery after neonatal HI.

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