scholarly journals Defense Response of Pumpkin Rootstock To Cadmium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bi-Hua Chen ◽  
Huai-Xia Zhang ◽  
Wei-Li Guo ◽  
Jun-Guo Zhou ◽  
Xin-Zheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Cadmium Stress ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Cadmium Tolerance ◽  
Cross Combination ◽  
Protective Enzyme ◽  
Safe Production ◽  
The Cross

Abstract Cadmium pollution is severe in cucumber, although grafting is an effective method to improve its stress tolerance. Pumpkin is the commonly-used grafting rootstock for cucumber, and the breeding of rootstock with cadmium tolerance plays a vital role in the safe production of cucumber. However, there are no reports on rootstocks specific for cadmium tolerance. In this study, the rootstock of a pumpkin cross combination and its parents were used for the study of cadmium stress. The results indicated that under the 24mg·L− 1cadmium stress, the relative conductivity of cross combination decreased by 35.86%~36.31% compared with the parents. When the concentrations of cadmium stress were 8 mg·L− 1and 16 mg·L− 1, respectively, the peroxidase (POD) activity of cross combination was higher than those of the parents. The subcellular distribution of cadmium in the root systems of the cross and the 041 − 1 parent was in the cell wall first, followed by the cytoplasm and organelle, while that in the root system of 360-3 parent was in the cell wall first, followed by the organelle and cytoplasm. Under cadmium stress with the 24mg·L− 1concentration, the transfer coefficient of cross was significantly lower than that of the parents. The cross initiated the activity of membrane protective enzyme POD under cadmium stress, relieved the damage to membrane, and reduced the toxicity of cadmium through the accumulation of cadmium in the cell wall that blocked its entrance to the cytoplasm. This study provides a theoretical foundation to breed cadmium-tolerant rootstocks for melon vegetables.

scholarly journals Allotetraploidization in Brachypodium May Have Led to the Dominance of One Parent’s Metabolome in Germinating Seeds

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 828
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Skalska ◽  
Elzbieta Wolny ◽  
Manfred Beckmann ◽  
John H. Doonan ◽  
Robert Hasterok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Nutrient Mobilization ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Community Standard ◽  
Ecological Range

Seed germination is a complex process during which a mature seed resumes metabolic activity to prepare for seedling growth. In this study, we performed a comparative metabolomic analysis of the embryo and endosperm using the community standard lines of three annual Brachypodium species, i.e., B. distachyon (Bd) and B. stacei (Bs) and their natural allotetraploid B. hybridum (BdBs) that has wider ecological range than the other two species. We explored how far the metabolomic impact of allotetraploidization would be observable as over-lapping changes at 4, 12, and 24 h after imbibition (HAI) with water when germination was initiated. Metabolic changes during germination were more prominent in Brachypodium embryos than in the endosperm. The embryo and endosperm metabolomes of Bs and BdBs were similar, and those of Bd were distinctive. The Bs and BdBs embryos showed increased levels of sugars and the tricarboxylic acid cycle compared to Bd, which could have been indicative of better nutrient mobilization from the endosperm. Bs and BdBs also showed higher oxalate levels that could aid nutrient transfer through altered cellular events. In Brachypodium endosperm, the thick cell wall, in addition to starch, has been suggested to be a source of nutrients to the embryo. Metabolites indicative of sugar metabolism in the endosperm of all three species were not prominent, suggesting that mobilization mostly occurred prior to 4 HAI. Hydroxycinnamic and monolignol changes in Bs and BdBs were consistent with cell wall remodeling that arose following the release of nutrients to the respective embryos. Amino acid changes in both the embryo and endosperm were broadly consistent across the species. Taking our data together, the formation of BdBs may have maintained much of the Bs metabolome in both the embryo and endosperm during the early stages of germination. In the embryo, this conserved Bs metabolome appeared to include an elevated sugar metabolism that played a vital role in germination. If these observations are confirmed in the future with more Brachypodium accessions, it would substantiate the dominance of the Bs metabolome in BdBs allotetraploidization and the use of metabolomics to suggest important adaptive changes.

Mixed-ligand copper(ii) Schiff base complexes: the vital role of co-ligands in DNA/protein interactions and cytotoxicity

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 1267-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sellamuthu Kathiresan ◽  
Subramanian Mugesh ◽  
Jamespandi Annaraj ◽  
Maruthamuthu Murugan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Schiff Base ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Mixed Ligand ◽  
Schiff Base Complexes ◽  
Antibacterial Mechanism

Four new mixed-ligand copper(ii) complexes display an antibacterial mechanism of cell death via cell-wall rupture and cytotoxicity via apoptotic cell death.

Select Gram-negative Aerobic Bacteria

2012 ◽  
pp. 90-101
Author(s):  
David R. McNamara ◽  
Franklin R. Cockerill
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sepsis Syndrome ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Neisseria Meningitides ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Specific Species

Gram-negative bacteria may be rod-shaped (bacilli), spherical (cocci), oval, helical, or filamentous. Cytoplasmic membrane is surrounded by a cell wall consisting of a peptidoglycan layer and an outer cell membrane. Gram-negative bacteria are widely distributed in the natural environment. They are commensals with many animals and play a vital role in normal human physiology as intestinal commensals. Gram-negative bacteria are the cause of various human illnesses. The gram-negative bacterial cell wall contains various lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. Endotoxins trigger intense inflammation and the sepsis syndrome during infection. Specific species of gram-negative bacteria such as Neisseria meningitides, Moraxella catarrhalis, Acinetobacter, Vibrio, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Haemophilus influenza are reviewed.

scholarly journals FmhA and FmhC of Staphylococcus aureus incorporate serine residues into peptidoglycan cross-bridges

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (39) ◽  
pp. 13664-13676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Willing ◽  
Emma Dyer ◽  
Olaf Schneewind ◽  
Dominique Missiakas
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Penicillin Binding Proteins ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Cross Bridge ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cross Bridges ◽  
Adjacent Wall

Staphylococcal peptidoglycan is characterized by pentaglycine cross-bridges that are cross-linked between adjacent wall peptides by penicillin-binding proteins to confer robustness and flexibility. In Staphylococcus aureus, pentaglycine cross-bridges are synthesized by three proteins: FemX adds the first glycine, and the homodimers FemA and FemB sequentially add two Gly-Gly dipeptides. Occasionally, serine residues are also incorporated into the cross-bridges by enzymes that have heretofore not been identified. Here, we show that the FemA/FemB homologues FmhA and FmhC pair with FemA and FemB to incorporate Gly-Ser dipeptides into cross-bridges and to confer resistance to lysostaphin, a secreted bacteriocin that cleaves the pentaglycine cross-bridge. FmhA incorporates serine residues at positions 3 and 5 of the cross-bridge. In contrast, FmhC incorporates a single serine at position 5. Serine incorporation also lowers resistance toward oxacillin, an antibiotic that targets penicillin-binding proteins, in both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus. FmhC is encoded by a gene immediately adjacent to lytN, which specifies a hydrolase that cleaves the bond between the fifth glycine of cross-bridges and the alanine of the adjacent stem peptide. In this manner, LytN facilitates the separation of daughter cells. Cell wall damage induced upon lytN overexpression can be alleviated by overexpression of fmhC. Together, these observations suggest that FmhA and FmhC generate peptidoglycan cross-bridges with unique serine patterns that provide protection from endogenous murein hydrolases governing cell division and from bacteriocins produced by microbial competitors.

The effects of phospholipid depletion on the cleavage pattern of the cell walls of frozen Gram-negative bacteria

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1056-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Forge ◽  
J. W. Costerton
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Cleavage Pattern ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Double Track ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

Extraction of whole cells of the marine pseudomonad (B-16) with chloroform–methanol causes the disappearance of the cleavage planes, and the cross-sectioned profile of both the cytoplasmic membrane and the double-track layer of the cell wall.

Chemically induced dynamic nuclear and electron polarization. Part IX. The photolysis of tetrafluoro-p-benzoquinone in dioxane

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 979-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harish M. Vyas ◽  
Jeffrey K. S. Wan
Keyword(s):  
Radical Pair ◽  
Combination Product ◽  
Cross Combination ◽  
Excited Triplet ◽  
Primary Radical ◽  
Electron Polarization ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Primary Radical Pair

The photoreduction of p-fluoranil in dioxane was studied by combined CIDNP and CIDEP techniques. It was established that the photoreactive species is the excited triplet of the quinone and the phototriplet mechanism is mainly responsible for the CIDEP observation. The CIDNP observations revealed the cage recombination of the primary radical-pair resulting in the formation of the cross-combination product from the semiquinone and the dioxane radicals. The cage recombination cannot be monitored by the conventional kinetic esr technique. The field dependent CIDNP intensity of the p-fluoranil in the photoreduction by fluorohydroquinone was also studied and a calculation based on Lawler's scheme showed that the results can be adequately explained by the radical-pair theory including both the scavenged and cage combination processes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document