scholarly journals Bacteria associated with the intestinal tract of three predators of Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Martínez-Martínez ◽  
Esteban Rodríguez-Leyva ◽  
Sergio Aranda-Ocampo ◽  
Ma.Teresa Santillán-Galicia ◽  
Antonio Hernández-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Bacillus Pumilus ◽  
Carminic Acid ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Average Content ◽  
Partial Sequencing ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Enterococcus Gallinarum ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

Abstract Insects depend on gut bacteria for many metabolic functions including detoxification. Dactylopius (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) species (e.g. D. opuntiae and D. coccus) produce carminic acid possibly acting as part of their immune response to predation; thus predators of Dactylopius species may require intestinal symbionts to metabolize carminic acid acquired from their prey. The average content of carminic acid in D. opuntiae and D. coccus is 3–5% and 19–25% respectively; the predators Leucopina bellula and Hyperaspis trifurcata are specialists on D. opuntiae while Laetilia coccidivora feeds on both D. opuntiae and D. coccus. We determined the diversity of bacteria associated with the gut of these predators to test the hypothesis that it would vary significantly depending on the level of prey specialism. Bacteria were isolated from the intestine of Le. bellula, L. coccidivora and H. trifurcata larvae and also adults of H. trifurcata. Bacteria were identified morphologically and by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The greatest bacterial diversity was found in L. coccidivora and H. trifurcata adults, followed by H. trifurcata larvae. The lowest diversity was found in Le. bellula. Sequencing revealed the presence of Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus gallinarum and E. casseliflavus in L. coccidivora larvae; Enterobacter sp. in larvae of H. trifurcata; Lactococcus lactis in adults of H. trifurcate; and Staphylococcus sp. in larvae and adults of H. trifurcate. Bacillus pumilus was only found in Le. bellula. The possible role of these bacteria in the ability of predators to feed on D. opuntiae and D. coccus is discussed.

Variation in the microbiome of the spider mite Tetranychus truncatus with sex, instar and endosymbiont infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Xi Zhu ◽  
Zhang-Rong Song ◽  
Shi-Mei Huo ◽  
Kun Yang ◽  
Xiao-Yue Hong
Keyword(s):  
Spider Mite ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Dominant Bacteria ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

ABSTRACT Most arthropod-associated bacterial communities play a crucial role in host functional traits, whose structure could be dominated by endosymbionts. The spider mite Tetranychus truncatus is a notorious agricultural pest harboring various endosymbionts, yet the effects of endosymbionts on spider mite microbiota remain largely unknown. Here, using deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we characterized the microbiota of male and female T. truncatus with different endosymbionts (Wolbachia and Spiroplasma) across different developmental stages. Although the spider mite microbiota composition varied across the different developmental stages, Proteobacteria were the most dominant bacteria harbored in all samples. Positive relationships among related operational taxonomic units dominated the significant coassociation networks among bacteria. Moreover, the spider mites coinfected with Wolbachia and Spiroplasma had a significantly higher daily fecundity and juvenile survival rate than the singly infected or uninfected spider mites. The possible function of spider-mite associated bacteria was discussed. Our results highlight the dynamics of spider mite microbiotas across different life stages, and the potential role of endosymbionts in shaping the microbiota of spider mites and improving host fitness.

Anammox bacteria detected in fish intestinal tract systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Wang Chan ◽  
Han Meng ◽  
Ji-Dong Gu
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Animal System ◽  
Wastewater Pollution ◽  
Global Nitrogen Cycle ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

Anammox bacteria serve an important ecological role in the global nitrogen cycle, enabling the coupling of ammonium and nitrite to yield dinitrogen gas (N2) under anoxic conditions. Based on PCR amplifications of genomic DNA and analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, anammox bacteria was found in intestinal tracts of two types of fish, Siganus fuscescens and Mugil cephalus. Anammox bacteria identified in these fish belonged to the genera Brocadia and Kuenenia, suggesting that the living conditions of S. fuscescens and M. cephalus were under significant influence of wastewater pollution. Our results showed an association between the existence of anammox bacteria in fish intestinal tracts and sediment- or mud-eating habits of the fish involved. The presence of anammox bacteria in an animal system would provide a more comprehensive understanding on ecophysiological characteristics and distribution of anammox bacteria. This discovery might also provide useful information about the living conditions of fish, serving as an environmental indicator of anthropogenic pollution.

scholarly journals Methanotroph Diversity in Landfill Soil: Isolation of Novel Type I and Type II Methanotrophs Whose Presence Was Suggested by Culture-Independent 16S Ribosomal DNA Analysis

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 4887-4897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark G. Wise ◽  
J Vaun McArthur ◽  
Lawrence J. Shimkets
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Partial Sequencing ◽  
16S Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

ABSTRACT The diversity of the methanotrophic community in mildly acidic landfill cover soil was assessed by three methods: two culture-independent molecular approaches and a traditional culture-based approach. For the first of the molecular studies, two primer pairs specific for the 16S rRNA gene of validly published type I (including the former type X) and type II methanotrophs were identified and tested. These primers were used to amplify directly extracted soil DNA, and the products were used to construct type I and type II clone libraries. The second molecular approach, based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), provided profiles of the methanotrophic community members as distinguished by sequence differences in variable region 3 of the 16S ribosomal DNA. For the culturing studies, an extinction-dilution technique was employed to isolate slow-growing but numerically dominant strains. The key variables of the series of enrichment conditions were initial pH (4.8 versus 6.8), air/CH4/CO2 headspace ratio (50:45:5 versus 90:9:1), and concentration of the medium (1× nitrate minimal salts [NMS] versus 0.2× NMS). Screening of the isolates showed that the nutrient-rich 1× NMS selected for type I methanotrophs, while the nutrient-poor 0.2× NMS tended to enrich for type II methanotrophs. Partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene from selected clones and isolates revealed some of the same novel sequence types. Phylogenetic analysis of the type I clone library suggested the presence of a new phylotype related to the Methylobacter-Methylomicrobiumgroup, and this was confirmed by isolating two members of this cluster. The type II clone library also suggested the existence of a novel group of related species distinct from the validly publishedMethylosinus and Methylocystis genera, and two members of this cluster were also successfully cultured. Partial sequencing of the pmoA gene, which codes for the 27-kDa polypeptide of the particulate methane monooxygenase, reaffirmed the phylogenetic placement of the four isolates. Finally, not all of the bands separated by DGGE could be accounted for by the clones and isolates. This polyphasic assessment of community structure demonstrates that much diversity among the obligate methane oxidizers has yet to be formally described.

scholarly journals Role of intestinalBifidobacterium pseudolongumin dietary fructo-oligosaccharide inhibition of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity in mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naho Sasajima ◽  
Toru Ogasawara ◽  
Naoki Takemura ◽  
Reiko Fujiwara ◽  
Jun Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Contact Hypersensitivity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ear Auricle ◽  
Lymph Node Cells

Strategies to manipulate the gut microbiota have been explored for preventing allergy development. We previously showed that dietary supplementation with fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) reduced 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in BALB/c mice. Because the CHS response was negatively correlated with the number of faecal bifidobacteria, particularlyBifidobacterium pseudolongum, the present study aimed to examine whether oral administration ofB. pseudolongumaffects CHS response. ViableB. pseudolongumwas successfully isolated from mouse faeces. Female BALB/c mice were fed a synthetic diet with or without FOS supplementation, andB. pseudolongum(2 × 107cells) was administered daily throughout the experimental period. Two weeks after starting the test diets, mice received DNFB on the ear auricle twice at 7-d intervals. Conventional cultivation and molecular biological analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that administration of FOS andB. pseudolongumresulted in higher excretion of viable bifidobacteria, mainlyB. pseudolongum. Although dietary FOS reduced the CHS response as demonstrated by ear swelling,B. pseudolongumadministration resulted in a reduction in the initial phase only of the CHS response.B. pseudolongumadministration increased hapten-specific IgG1, while dietary FOS decreased IgG2a in sera. Administration of FOS andB. pseudolongumdecreased interferon-γ production and increased IL-10 production in cervical lymph node cells restimulated with haptenin vitro. We conclude thatB. pseudolongumproliferation in the intestinal tract is partially responsible for the reduction in DNFB-induced CHS response by dietary supplementation with FOS in mice, which may be mediated by the modulation of antigen-induced cytokine production.

scholarly journals Intestinal Integrity and Akkermansia muciniphila, a Mucin-Degrading Member of the Intestinal Microbiota Present in Infants, Adults, and the Elderly

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (23) ◽  
pp. 7767-7770 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Carmen Collado ◽  
Muriel Derrien ◽  
Erika Isolauri ◽  
Willem M. de Vos ◽  
Seppo Salminen
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Akkermansia Muciniphila ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Human Intestinal Tract

ABSTRACT Fluorescence in situ hybridization and real-time PCR analysis targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Akkermansia muciniphila were performed to determine its presence in the human intestinal tract. These techniques revealed that an A. muciniphila-like bacterium is a common member of the human intestinal tract and that its colonization starts in early life and develops within a year to a level close to that observed in adults (108 cells/g) but decreases (P < 0.05) in the elderly.

scholarly journals Growth in Coculture Stimulates Metabolism of the Phenylurea Herbicide Isoproturon by Sphingomonas sp. Strain SRS2

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 3478-3485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian R. Sørensen ◽  
Zeev Ronen ◽  
Jens Aamand
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Phenylurea Herbicide ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

ABSTRACT Metabolism of the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon by Sphingomonas sp. strain SRS2 was significantly enhanced when the strain was grown in coculture with a soil bacterium (designated strain SRS1). Both members of this consortium were isolated from a highly enriched isoproturon-degrading culture derived from an agricultural soil previously treated regularly with the herbicide. Based on analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, strain SRS1 was assigned to the β-subdivision of the proteobacteria and probably represents a new genus. Strain SRS1 was unable to degrade either isoproturon or its known metabolites 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1-methylurea, 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-urea, or 4-isopropyl-aniline. Pure culture studies indicate that Sphingomonas sp. SRS2 is auxotrophic and requires components supplied by association with other soil bacteria. A specific mixture of amino acids appeared to meet these requirements, and it was shown that methionine was essential for Sphingomonas sp. SRS2. This suggests that strain SRS1 supplies amino acids to Sphingomonas sp. SRS2, thereby leading to rapid metabolism of 14C-labeled isoproturon to 14CO2 and corresponding growth of strain SRS2. Proliferation of strain SRS1 suggests that isoproturon metabolism by Sphingomonas sp. SRS2 provides unknown metabolites or cell debris that supports growth of strain SRS1. The role of strain SRS1 in the consortium was not ubiquitous among soil bacteria; however, the indigenous soil microflora and some strains from culture collections also stimulate isoproturon metabolism by Sphingomonas sp. strain SRS2 to a similar extent.

scholarly journals Unveiling the Bovine Epimural Microbiota Composition and Putative Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Cátia Pacífico ◽  
Renée Maxine Petri ◽  
Sara Ricci ◽  
Elsayed Mickdam ◽  
Stefanie Urimare Wetzels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Gene Target ◽  
Functional Potential ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Biological Sources ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

Numerous studies have used the 16S rRNA gene target in an attempt to characterize the structure and composition of the epimural microbiota in cattle. However, comparisons between studies are challenging, as the results show large variations associated with experimental protocols and bioinformatics methodologies. Here, we present a meta-analysis of the rumen epimural microbiota from 11 publicly available amplicon studies to assess key technical and biological sources of variation between experiments. Using the QIIME2 pipeline, 332 rumen epithelial microbiota samples were analyzed to investigate community structure, composition, and functional potential. Despite having a significant impact on microbial abundance, country of origin, farm, hypervariable region, primer set, animal variability, and biopsy location did not obscure the identification of a core microbiota. The bacterial genera Campylobacter, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Defluviitaleaceae UCG-011, Lachnospiraceae UCG-010, Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-010, Ruminococcaceae UCG-014, Succiniclasticum, Desulfobulbus, and Comamonas spp. were found in nearly all epithelium samples (>90%). Predictive analysis (PICRUSt) was used to assess the potential functions of the epithelial microbiota. Regularized canonical correlation analysis identified several pathways associated with the biosynthesis of precursor metabolites in Campylobacter, Comamonas, Desulfobulbus, and Ruminococcaceae NK4A214, highlighting key metabolic functions of these microbes within the epithelium.

scholarly journals Characterization of Bacterial Community Structure in a Drinking Water Distribution System during an Occurrence of Red Water

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (21) ◽  
pp. 7171-7180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Li ◽  
Zheng Li ◽  
Jianwei Yu ◽  
Nan Cao ◽  
Ruyin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Normal Water ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

ABSTRACT The role of bacteria in the occasional emergence of red water, which has been documented worldwide, has yet to be determined. To better understand the mechanisms that drive occurrences of red water, the bacterial community composition and the relative abundance of several functional bacterial groups in a water distribution system of Beijing during a large-scale red water event were determined using several molecular methods. Individual clone libraries of the 16S rRNA gene were constructed for three red water samples and one sample of normal water. Beta-, Alpha-, and Gammaproteobacteria comprised the major bacterial communities in both red water and normal water samples, in agreement with previous reports. A high percentage of red water clones (25.2 to 57.1%) were affiliated with or closely related to a diverse array of iron-oxidizing bacteria, including the neutrophilic microaerobic genera Gallionella and Sideroxydans, the acidophilic species Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans, and the anaerobic denitrifying Thermomonas bacteria. The genus Gallionella comprised 18.7 to 28.6% of all clones in the three red water libraries. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the 16S rRNA gene copy concentration of Gallionella spp. was between (4.1 ± 0.9) × 107 (mean ± standard deviation) and (1.6 ± 0.3) × 108 per liter in red water, accounting for 13.1% ± 2.9% to 17.2% ± 3.6% of the total Bacteria spp. in these samples. By comparison, the percentages of Gallionella spp. in the normal water samples were 0.1% or lower (below the limit of detection), suggesting an important role of Gallionella spp. in the formation of red water.

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