scholarly journals Impact of Farmers Training Centers Based Training on Major Crops Productivity and Households Welfare: the case of Gurage Zone, Central Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsegamariam Dula Sherka
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Modular Training ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Crop Income ◽  
Land Size ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify the impact of Farmers Training Centers Based Training on Major Crops Productivity and Households Welfare in southern Ethiopia. To select the respondent households applied a multi-stage stratifying sampling method. First, 3 districts Were selected purposively. Then, 3 Rural Kebeles from Fully functional Farmers Training Centers and 2 Rural Kebeles from non-functional Farmers Training Centers Were randomly selected. In the third stage, a total of 360 sample household heads (151) modular training graduates and 209 non-graduates) were selected. The interview schedule, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews were data collection tools. The result indicates the frequency of extension contact and farmers Confidence in extension service significantly affects both trained and not trained farmer’s crop productivity. I find that trained farmers have 124.27% more net cereal crop income per cultivated land size as compared to the counterfactual scenario of non-trained. I find that it increases the consumption expenditure per adult equivalent of trained farmers by about 204.83% compared to the counterfactual scenario of non-trained. The constraint which is considered by the respondents as a first-rank and important constraint was the fence problem which accounts for 21.63% of the total respondents. Farmer training center-based modular training could be considered as a key pathway that contributes to the improvement of agricultural production and Welfare of the rural community. The output of this study will give concrete information on intervention strategies to enhance the role of FTC-based training intervention strategies to improve farmers’ livelihood in surrounding rural areas.

scholarly journals Climate change and drought effects on rural income distribution in the Mediterranean: a case study for Spain

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 4353-4389
Author(s):  
S. Quiroga ◽  
C. Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper examines the effects of climate change and drought on agricultural outputs in Spanish rural areas. By now the effects of drought as a response to climate change or policy restrictions have been analyzed through response functions considering direct effects on crop productivity and incomes. These changes also affect incomes distribution in the region and therefore modify the social structure. Here we consider this complementary indirect effect on social distribution of incomes which is essential in the long term. We estimate crop production functions for a range of Mediterranean crops in Spain and we use a decomposition of inequalities measure to estimate the impact of climate change and drought on yield disparities. This social aspect is important for climate change policies since it can be determinant for the public acceptance of certain adaptation measures in a context of drought. We provide the empirical estimations for the marginal effects of the two considered impacts: farms' income average and social income distribution. In our estimates we consider crop productivity response to both bio-physical and socio-economic aspects to analyze long term implications on both competitiveness and social disparities. We find disparities in the adaptation priorities depending on the crop and the region analyzed.

Impact Assessment of MGNREGA on Employment Generation, Labour Supply in the Agriculture Sector and Migration: A Case Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 613-618
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Employment Level ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Employment Guarantee ◽  
The Impact

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in 2005 was formulated to reinforce adherence towards livelihood security in rural areas by providing a legal guarantee of 100 day's work annually to every rural household whose adult members willing to do unskilled manual work. The study assessed the impact of MGNREGA on employment generation, labour supply in agriculture sector and migration. The study was conducted using multi-stage random sampling in Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh. Based on a survey covering 100 households from 10 panchayats of 2 blocks, it was found that the scheme was the lifeline of poor villagers and significantly affected the employment level. However, labour supply in agriculture showed a negative trend which can vanquish if MGNREGA provides off-season employment to agricultural labour. Similarly, the migration level also dwindled showing a positive impact of the scheme. A new and innovative works need to be found to retain rural labour and furnish productive employment to check this trend.

scholarly journals Climate change and drought effects on rural income distribution in the Mediterranean: a case study for Spain

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1369-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Quiroga ◽  
Cristina Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper examines the effects of climate change and drought on agricultural incomes in Spanish rural areas. Present research has focused on the effects of these extreme climatological events through response functions, considering effects on crop productivity and average incomes. Among the impacts of droughts, we focused on potential effects on income distribution. The study of the effects on abnormally dry periods is therefore needed in order to perform an analysis of diverse social aspects in the long term. We estimate crop production functions for a range of Mediterranean crops in Spain and we use a measure of the decomposition of inequality to estimate the impact of climate change and drought on yield disparities. Certain adaptation measures may require a better understanding of risks by the public to achieve general acceptance. We provide empirical estimations for the marginal effects of the two impacts considered: farms' average income and income distribution. Our estimates consider crop production response to both biophysical and socio-economic aspects to analyse long-term implications on competitiveness and disparities. As for the results, we find disparities in the adaptation priorities depending on the crop and the region analysed.

scholarly journals Urban-Rural Migration under the devolved governance system in Kenya: Subsequent implications for income and occupation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evans Taabu Okumu ◽  
Joash Moenga
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Migration ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Rural Land ◽  
Return Migrants ◽  
Occupational Change ◽  
Demographic Profiles ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Land Size ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The study investigates the impact of urban-rural migration on income and occupation. The research aims to estimate the probabilities and significance of income and occupational change across different socio-economic characteristics and demographic profiles upon return to the rural areas from Nairobi city, particularly after the enactment of the 2013 Kenya devolution policy. The paper draws upon exploratory research using data comprising 69 interviews with the return migrants after they had established a stay in rural areas, two years subsequently after migrating from Nairobi city. By applying the empirical methods of probit regression model, the study finds that significant probability for income change varies across different socio-economic attributes and demographic profiles. Occupational change and associated probabilities are significantly determined by low education level, female gender, the old age, huge rural land size, and low migrant’s job-related expertise level. For both income and occupational change, rural land size more than 2.5 acres is a significant incentive for urban-rural migration; given the likelihood of return migrants shift to agriculture and in a long run establishes a robust source of income. This, after assigning other dummy variables, and setting the baseline at two years.

scholarly journals III Health and agricultural production: Evidence from Kogi State of Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (61) ◽  
pp. 8488-8503
Author(s):  
U Onuche ◽  
◽  
HI Opaluwa ◽  
MH Edoka
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Development Effort ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
The Impact

This study was carried out to analyse the impact of ill health on agricultural outputs in rural areas of Kogi state, central Nigeria. The motivation derives from the fact that rural areas which are strategically important for national food security are more prone to health hazards as a result of the poor nature of health services arising partly from neglect by government. The objectives were to present the socioeconomic characteristics of the rural farm households and identify the prevailing health and agricultural production nexus in the area. The use of multistage random sampling procedure was employed in the selection of 263 rural households for questionnaire administration in order to elicit relevant data related to their farming enterprises and health. The use of descriptive statistics and production function analysis were employed. The study revealed that the average age of the household heads was 46.4 years while the average household size was 6.5 persons. Also, the average farm size was 1.43 ha and the average number of years of formal education was found to be 7.4. Furthermore, the study revealed that the most prominent disease conditions affecting farm families were malaria fever, typhoid fever and diarrhea and these led to an average of 8.2 days reduction in time available for farm work in a farming season. Result from the production function analysis revealed that the elasticities of farm size (0.419), family size (0.099), number of contacts with extension staff (0.018), labour (0.012) and naira amount of credit accessed (0.25) were positively signed and significant at 1%, 10%, 1%, 5% and 1% respectively; while number of days of farm work lost to ill health was negatively signed (-0.09) and significant at 5%. Findings suggest that focusing on number of days of farming activities lost to ill health in a household might help elicit a clearer picture of the effect of transient ill health on agricultural production. More research and development effort in the provision of and accessibility to health care in the rural areas in order to reduce the incidence of diseases are recommended. Such efforts should also include the provision of adequate health and environmental education for the rural population as the most common ailments discovered in the study area are actually hygiene and environment related.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Determinants of Household Consumption Expenditure and Poverty in India

Economies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heshmati ◽  
Maasoumi ◽  
Wan
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the determinants of household income among urban and rural areas in India and evaluates households’ performance with different characteristics in terms of poverty. It uses four rounds of data from the consumer expenditure survey (50th, 1993/1994; 55th, 1999/2000; 61st, 2004/2005; and 66th, 2009/2010) by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) in the empirical section. This study consists of two main parts. In the first, it looks at the impact of the characteristics of the head of the household (age, educational level, marital status, and gender) and household characteristics (main occupational type, household size, and social status) on monthly per capita expenditure through conditional mean least squares (LS) regressions and conditional quantile regressions. Households headed by those who are older, married, belonging to lower castes, and living in less-developed states are more likely to be in poverty. In the second part, the article explores stochastic dominance rankings relative to large classes of welfare functions/preferences between pairwise sub-groups identified by the survey year, gender, social status, and occupational type of the household heads. Our results show that ‘inferior groups’ such as ‘Backward classes’, agricultural labor in rural areas, and casual labor in urban areas are vulnerable and may be targeted for poverty alleviation strategies. The first part sheds light on key determinants of household expenditure, while the second provides a picture of poverty outcomes which helps identify potential target groups for poverty-alleviation strategies.

scholarly journals Predictors of catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditure in rural Egypt: application of the heteroskedastic probit model

2021 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzan Abdel-Rahman ◽  
Farouk Shoaeb ◽  
Mohamed Naguib Abdel Fattah ◽  
Mohamed R. Abonazel
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure is a pressing issue in Egypt and far exceeds half of Egypt’s total health spending, threatening the economic viability, and long-term sustainability of Egyptian households. Targeting households at risk of catastrophic health payments based on their characteristics is an obvious pathway to mitigate the impoverishing impacts of OOP health payments on livelihoods. This study was conducted to identify the risk factors of incurring catastrophic health payments hoping to formulate appropriate policies to protect households against financial catastrophes. Methods Using data derived from the Egyptian Household Income, Expenditure, and Consumption Survey (HIECS), a multiplicative heteroskedastic probit model is applied to account for heteroskedasticity and avoid biased and inconsistent estimates. Results Accounting for heteroskedasticity induces notable differences in marginal effects and demonstrates that the impact of some core variables is underestimated and insignificant and in the opposite direction in the homoscedastic probit model. Moreover, our results demonstrate the principal factors besides health status and socioeconomic characteristics responsible for incurring catastrophic health expenditure, such as the use of health services provided by the private sector, which has a dramatic effect on encountering catastrophic health payments. Conclusions The marked differences between estimates of probit and heteroskedastic probit models emphasize the importance of investigating homoscedasticity assumption to avoid policies based on incorrect evidence. Many policies can be built upon our findings, such as enhancing the role of social health insurances in rural areas, expanding health coverage for poor households and chronically ill household heads, and providing adequate financial coverage for households with a high proportion of elderly, sick members, and females. Also, there is an urgent need to limit OOP health payments absorbed by private sector to achieve an acceptable level of fair financing.

scholarly journals Reverse migration under the devolved governance system in Kenya: Subsequent implications for income and occupation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evans Taabu Okumu ◽  
Joash Moenga
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Career Change ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
College Level ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Reverse Migration ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Land Size ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract Reverse migration is on a steady increase under the devolved system of governance in Kenya. The situation could be attributed to an array of triggers such as; the ongoing rural development programmes, backdrop of non-availability of livelihood and job opportunities in the city. Upon return to the rural areas, it could be perceived that the returnees encounter some socio-economic shocks, which tend to impact their income and career. To ascertain the impact, we use a binomial probit model to estimate the probability of income and occupational change. We postulate that harsh encounters in the city inspire those with savings, newly acquired entrepreneurial acumen, and land to migrate out of the city and exploit rural job opportunities. Study participants were people that had moved from Nairobi to their rural counties. Using snowball sample selection, we obtained 49 adult participants mean age = 41years, SD = 15.95, female 48%, employed 68%, married 59%, and 29% educated up to university Results found that significance for career and income changes varies across participants socio-economics status or demographics. For instance, those aged 35–59 years (r2 = 0.399, ME = 0.421); land size greater than 2.5 acres (r2 = 0.507, ME = 0.473) and postgraduate degree (r2 = 0.513, ME = 0.591) had significant income increment. For 60 + years (r2=-0.369, ME=-0.312), primary-leavers (r2=-0.459, ME=-0.226) had significant decrease in income upon return. Conversely, females (r2 = 0.326, ME = 0.348), and migrants aged 60 + years (r2 = R2 = 0.797, ME = 0.651) were more prone to career change; all at .01 significance level. Attributes such as marital status, age 25-34yrs, secondary or college-level education are weak income or career change determinants. We conclude that rural land size, more than 2.5acres was a significant incentive for reverse migration, since the likelihood of shifting to agriculture and establishing a robust livelihood source and income after assigning other dummy variables, and setting the baseline at two years was evident across groups.

scholarly journals El Niño Southern Oscillation and Its Impact on Rainfall Distribution and Productivity of Major Agricultural Crops: The Case of Kemabata Tembaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bereket Tesfaye Haile ◽  
Kassahun Ture Bekitie ◽  
Gudina Legesse Feyissa ◽  
Tadesse Terefe Zeleke
Keyword(s):  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
The Impact

This study was conducted to investigate the impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation on rainfall distribution and productivity of major Agricultural crops in the Kembta Tembaro Zone of Southern Ethiopia over the past 30 years. Precipitation and temperature data were obtained from the National Meteorology Agency, crop data from the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia, and the Sea Surface Temperature data from the NOAA website. The rainfall trend had shown decreasing trend with high variability at all the stations (p<0.05). Over the same period, El Niño and La Niña event were observed and highly affected rainfall distribution. It was found that Coefficient Variation was greater than 30%, which indicates the area was prone to drought episodes. The impacts of the ENSO events on the yield of Maize, Wheat, Barely, Sorghum and Enset were assessed. Wheat and Maize were highly affected by the ENSO events. Enset was found to be more resistant crop to the influence of ENSO. Barely and Sorghum were affected at varying magnitude. Among the five chosen crop for this investigation two of the crops were seriously affected during the two extremes, i.e. El Niño and La Niña. From this investigation it is conclude that the overall cereal crop productivity was decreased and precipitation variability was noticed. So, having the information about ENSO phase in advance can be used to forecast ENSO and select crop types and varieties to maximize agricultural rain fed cereal crop productivity while minimizing the crop risk associated with seasonal rainfall and ENSO phases.

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