scholarly journals Urban-Rural Migration under the devolved governance system in Kenya: Subsequent implications for income and occupation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evans Taabu Okumu ◽  
Joash Moenga
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Migration ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Rural Land ◽  
Return Migrants ◽  
Occupational Change ◽  
Demographic Profiles ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Land Size ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The study investigates the impact of urban-rural migration on income and occupation. The research aims to estimate the probabilities and significance of income and occupational change across different socio-economic characteristics and demographic profiles upon return to the rural areas from Nairobi city, particularly after the enactment of the 2013 Kenya devolution policy. The paper draws upon exploratory research using data comprising 69 interviews with the return migrants after they had established a stay in rural areas, two years subsequently after migrating from Nairobi city. By applying the empirical methods of probit regression model, the study finds that significant probability for income change varies across different socio-economic attributes and demographic profiles. Occupational change and associated probabilities are significantly determined by low education level, female gender, the old age, huge rural land size, and low migrant’s job-related expertise level. For both income and occupational change, rural land size more than 2.5 acres is a significant incentive for urban-rural migration; given the likelihood of return migrants shift to agriculture and in a long run establishes a robust source of income. This, after assigning other dummy variables, and setting the baseline at two years.

Gram Swaraj: The Sustainable Model for Rural Industrialisation and Employment

2021 ◽  
pp. 251660262110390
Author(s):  
Bhaskar Kumar Kakati
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Migration ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Sustainable Employment ◽  
Rural Industries ◽  
The Impact

This article discusses the relevance of Gram Swaraj or village self-governance and rural industries in the context of pandemic-ravaged countries like India. Drawing mainly from Gandhian Gram Swaraj ideas and secondary sources, it discusses the impact on informal sector workers, their rural–urban–rural migration and precarious livelihood question, the need for rural industries and the adaptation and application of Gram Swaraj ideas. The analysis has implications for considering these ideas for creating sustainable employment and livelihood in rural areas in countries like India.

scholarly journals Association between Rural Land Use Transition and Urban–Rural Integration Development: From 2009 to 2018 Based on County-Level Data in Shandong Province, China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1228
Author(s):  
Zhiheng Yang ◽  
Nengneng Shen ◽  
Yanbo Qu ◽  
Bailin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
County Level ◽  
Rural Land ◽  
Integrated Development ◽  
Land Use Transition ◽  
Rural Land Use ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Integrated development in urban and rural areas has led to a new form of urban–rural interdependence, which promotes rural territorial functional evolution and land use changes. Rural land use transition, showing the synchronous development between cities and villages, is an important window through which to observe integrated development in urban and rural areas. We focus on uncovering the association between rural land use transition and urban–rural integration development (URID), put forward a dynamic relationship assumption between rural land use transformation and URID stages based on the transmission mechanism of urban–rural linkages, and undertake empirical analysis using the panel regression model with the data of county-level administrative units in Shandong Province, China. The results show that rural land use transition has maintained a close association with URID, and that the changes in cultivated land, forest land, and surface-water area are highly related to URID. There are different leading urban–rural linkages in rural areas around big-sized cities, mid-sized cities, and small-sized cities, which determine whether rural areas are in different URID stages of high, medium, or low levels. Further, rural areas can take different actions to promote URID at different stages through strengthening or introducing urban–rural linkages driven by economies of scale and deepening urbanization. This provides a reference for developing countries to formulate rural land use policies on achieving the goal of URID.

Rural Tourism Development as a Catalyst of Urban-Rural Synergy in the Region of Southern and Eastern Serbia

2020 ◽  
pp. 172-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Igić ◽  
Mihailo Mitković ◽  
Petar Mitković ◽  
Milena Dinić-Branković ◽  
Jelena Đekić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Heterogeneous Environment ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Diverse Economies ◽  
Natural Landscapes ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Impact

Rural areas in Serbia occupy about 3/4 of total country territory and they are home for almost half of total population. These areas are characterized by very heterogeneous environment with not expressed anthropogenic negative influence. Because of a few types of the settlements and very rich rural and natural landscapes, there are great opportunities for development of diverse economies, multifunctional use, and a variety of different activities. This chapter discusses rural tourism development in the Region of the Southern and Eastern Serbia and its impact on the urban-rural synergy. The main goal is to investigate the impact of the tourism development on the connections on the relation urban to rural on the example of this region, and to point out importance of this synergy for future balanced rural and regional development. Rural tourism represents drive for urban-rural synergy and it is one of the key factors of rural development.

scholarly journals Mobilitas Sirkuler Daya Faktor-faktor Yang mempengaruhinya Di Desa Sidorejo Kec Ponjong Kab Gunung Kidul = Circular Mobility And The Factors Influencing It In Sidorejo Village Ponjong Sub District Gunung Kidul Regency

Agro Ekonomi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Utami A Yulianti ◽  
Mas Sadjono ◽  
Slamet Hartono
Keyword(s):  
Affecting Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Farm Production ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Wage Ratio ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Land Size ◽  
Farmer Income ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

The research aims to find out the factors affecting the circular mobility and the impact of circular mobility on farm production and farmers income.Primary data are .from sample farmers migrant and non migrant. The sample size is 70. The data analyzed by logit model and by difference mean testThe result showed. the affecting factors to circular mobility are. ll. The rural income is negatif flea. 2). Land size is posilif affect 3). wage ratio urban rural negatif affect, The impact of circular mobility increas production and .farmer income. The income ofmigrant familly is Rp -1722611 per year and Rp 2848168 per year for non migrant. The mobility activity contributed higher peoduction and income for migran.

scholarly journals Redistributive Effects of Fiscal Policy across the Income Groups in the Urban-Rural Areas of Pakistan

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (4II) ◽  
pp. 519-533
Author(s):  
Nasim Shah Shirazi ◽  
Muhammad Ilyas ◽  
Mehboob Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Municipal Government ◽  
Government Expenditures ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Fiscal Impacts ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Redistributive Effects ◽  
The Impact

There exist a large number of studies related to the estimates of government budgetary redistributive effects and its related problems with regard to different countries of the world.1 Studies of the impacts of government expenditures and taxes in Pakistan have been conducted within the framework of either incidence of taxes or the impact of expenditures across the income groups. The studies carried out by Azfar (1972); Jeetun (1978); Alauddin and Raza (1981) Malik and Saqib (1985, 1989) cover different aspects of taxation—tax incidence, progressivity or regressivity of the tax system across the income groups/individuals and regions. These studies did not discuss the expenditure side of the budget. Shirazi (1996) analysed the impact of government transfer programmes (Zakat and Ushr) across the income deciles. Ghaus (1989) studied the incidence of provincial and municipal government service-related expenditure benefits in Karachi metropolitan and therefore, the scope of her study was limited to one city only. Despite the existence of a rich bibliography on the subject of government redistrbutive budgetary effects and its related problems, no study is available which covers the overall redistributive impacts of government budgetary policy in Pakistan. This study explores the impacts of government expenditures and taxes on the distribution of income across various income groups along with net fiscal impacts in the urban-rural areas of Pakistan. The rest of our study is organised as follows. In the following section, Part II, we describe the methodology and data set. In Part III, the results of the study are presented. The Part IV concludes the paper.

scholarly journals Breakpoint modelling of temporal associations between non-pharmaceutical interventions and symptomatic COVID-19 incidence in the Republic of Ireland

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0255254
Author(s):  
Martin Boudou ◽  
Coilin ÓhAiseadha ◽  
Patricia Garvey ◽  
Jean O’Dwyer ◽  
Paul Hynds
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
Demographic Profiles ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Background To constrain propagation and mitigate the burden of COVID-19, most countries initiated and continue to implement several non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), including national and regional lockdowns. In the Republic of Ireland, the first national lockdown was decreed on 23rd of March 2020, followed by a succession of restriction increases and decreases (phases) over the following year. To date, the effects of these interventions remain unclear, and particularly within differing population subsets. The current study sought to assess the impact of individual NPI phases on COVID-19 transmission patterns within delineated population subgroups in the Republic of Ireland. Methods and findings Confirmed, anonymised COVID-19 cases occurring between the 29th of February 2020 and 30th November 2020 (n = 72,654) were obtained. Segmented modelling via breakpoint regression with multiple turning points was employed to identify structural breaks across sub-populations, including primary/secondary infections, age deciles, urban/commuter/rural areas, patients with underlying health conditions, and socio-demographic profiles. These were subsequently compared with initiation dates of eight overarching NPI phases. Five distinct breakpoints were identified. The first breakpoint, associated with a decrease in the daily COVID-19 incidence, was reported within 14 days of the first set of restrictions in mid-March 2020 for most population sub-groups. Results suggest that moderately strict NPIs were more effective than the strictest Phase 5 (National Lockdown). Divergences were observed across population sub-groups; lagged response times were observed among populations >80 years, residents of rural/ commuter regions, and cases associated with a below-median deprivation score. Conclusions Study findings suggest that many NPIs have been successful in decreasing COVID-19 incidence rates, however the strictest Phase 5 NPI was not. Moreover, NPIs were not equally successful across all sub-populations, with differing response times noted. Future strategies and interventions may need to be increasingly bespoke, based on sub-population profiles and required responses.

scholarly journals Levels and Changes of Physical Activity in Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Contextualizing Urban vs. Rural Living Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasa Zenic ◽  
Redha Taiar ◽  
Barbara Gilic ◽  
Mateo Blazevic ◽  
Dora Maric ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Adolescents ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Rural Living ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic and the social distancing implemented shortly after influence physical activity levels (PALs). The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the changes in PAL and factors associated with PALs among Croatian adolescents while considering the impact of community (urban vs. rural living environment). The sample included 823 adolescents (mean age: 16.5 ± 2.1 years) who were tested on baseline (from October 2019 to March 2020; before COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia) and follow-up (in April 2020; during the COVID-19 pandemic and imposed rules of social distancing). Baseline testing included anthropometrics, physical fitness status, and evaluation of PALs, while follow-up included only PALs (evaluated by a standardized questionnaire through an internet application). The results showed a significant influence of the living environment on the decrease of PAL, with a larger decrease in urban adolescents. Logistic regression showed a higher likelihood for normal PALs at baseline in adolescents who had better fitness status, with no strong confounding effect of the urban/rural environment. The fitness status of urban adolescents predicted their PALs at follow-up. The differences between urban and rural adolescents with regard to the established changes in PALs and relationships between the predictors and PALs are explained by the characteristics of the living communities (lack of organized sports in rural areas), and the level of social distancing in the studied period and region/country.

The Urban-Rural Divide: Spatial Inequalities and Backlash in the Investment Treaty Regime

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-153
Author(s):  
Daniel Litwin
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
Investment Treaty ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Impact

A growing literature in international law has examined the backlash against international institutions and norms and its links with the rise of nationalist parties and populism. Some of this backlash have been said to originate with populations in small towns and rural areas socioeconomically “left-behind” by economic globalization. These developments have made salient the growing economic and political polarization between urban and non-urban areas. Nevertheless, this urban- rural divide and its implications for international law have only started to be acknowledged. Aligned with these concerns, this article adopts the urban-rural divide as a geographical scale or frame to suggest a new perspective on the investment treaty regime, its backlash and reform. Outside of the particularly virulent nature of its backlash, the regime’s context provides fertile ground for this frame: it is structured so that urban actors principally located in global or capital cities, such as multinational enterprises, global law firms, or national executive branches, make decisions about foreign investment projects that are often located and impact non-urban areas and populations. As this article contends, this context points to the regime’s potential to impact (and address) through geographical affinities the global growth of political and economic polarization between urban and nonurban areas. The impact of these urban decisions on non-urban areas has so far principally been examined through frames that emphasize impact in terms of the “environment” or “local communities” together with calls for reforms to the regime by allocating more policy space for States. An “urban-rural” frame centers additional impacts in terms of non-urban public interest, local participation, and the distribution of resources, and queries the ability of domestic policies alone to respond to them in the pursuit of socially and economic inclusive investment.

Determinants of Savings in Urban and Rural Households: Case of South Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-168
Author(s):  
T. ZWANE
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Income ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Urban Sample ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Impact

Savings have been described as a significant fi nancial and economic matter and represent an essential driving force of economic growth and development. Despite this, many studies investigating the determinants of savings in South Africa have looked predominantly at the drivers of savings only at a national level, without focusing on urban and rural differences. This is critical as these localities are structurally different, with different characteristics. It is, therefore, likely that the determinants of savings in these unique geographical localities would differ, given the negative impact of past policies of marginalisation. The purpose of this paper is to examine the urban-rural disparities in savings for South African households. We used data sourced from the five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) observed from 2008-2017. The novelty of this study is in its application of a novel two-stage least square estimation technique which addresses possible endogeneity problems which might have plagued previous studies in this field. It was concluded from the research that the determinants of savings are different across samples (urban and rural). We found that having access to land is an important predictor of savings in rural areas where the poor live (positive and significant), but the coefficient is not significant in the urban sample. Although there was a positive correlation between income and savings across samples, but the income impact on savings is higher in absolute values for households residing in rural areas, compared to household living in urban areas. We also found that, despite the coefficient of employment being similar in the direction of the impact (positive and significant) across the samples, the magnitude of the coefficient was stronger in the rural sample. Based on the higher magnitude of the coefficient, we found that household size has more effect in urban than rural areas. The study recommends that government should design and implement policies that foster job creation, even low-skilled jobs, which will generate more income and reduce unemployment.

scholarly journals Spatial Effects of Urban-Rural Ditch Connectivity Gradient Changes on Water Quality to Support Ditch Optimization and Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8329
Author(s):  
Chunqi Qiu ◽  
Yufeng Li ◽  
Alan L. Wright ◽  
Cheng Wang ◽  
Jiayi Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

Ditch networks play crucial roles in regulating water fluxes with their surroundings. The connectivity of ditches can have great impacts on nutrient migration and transformations. However, connectivity patterns related to ditch networks have rarely been studied, especially the relationships with water quality assessed through spatial analysis. This paper considered ditch connectivity and water quality indicators comprehensively, using spatial autocorrelation and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models, to analyze the impact of ditch connectivity on water quality from urban to rural gradients. The results suggested that water quality in rural areas and towns was better than in suburbs and transition zones, and the different areas exhibited variable spatial ditch connectivity. The Moran’s I index of the connectivity indicators showed the clustering state of spatial distribution, with ditch connectivity explaining 61.06% of changes in water quality. The circularity and network connectivity of the ditches had the most influence on water quality. However, the degree of influence varied with region. Circularity had the greatest impact on water quality in urban areas, and network connectivity had the greatest impact on water quality in township areas. Therefore, future water improvement projects, based on ditch optimization and management, need to consider the more related influencing factors and their spatial differences.

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