scholarly journals Evaluation of Root Lodging Resistance During Whole Growth Period in Maize Using the Anti-Lodging Index Defined as Root Failure Moment Divided by Wind Resultant Moment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohu Wang ◽  
Yinchang Li ◽  
Wei Han ◽  
Zhaoyu Song ◽  
Shengjian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Single Root ◽  
Vertical Leaf ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Root Lodging ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

Abstract Root lodging due to strong storm wind is a common problem in maize (Zea mays) production, leading to reduced crop yield and quality and harvest efficiency. Little information is available on quantifying effects of vertical leaf area distribution on root lodging in crops such as maize. The anti-lodging index of root was computed by the formula: ALroot = Mroot / Mwind, where AL denotes anti-lodging index, and M moment of force. Root failure moment of force equals to moment arm times max root side-pulling force measured in situ by means of the digital pole dynamometer, and wind resultant moment of force is estimated with vertical leaf area distribution and wind speed. Two maize cultivars, with contrasting root lodging resistance, were examined at 5 different growth stages from V8 to physiological maturity in 2019 and 2020, in Qingdao, China. Root anti-lodging index in tested cultivars fluctuated to a small extent within any year during whole growth period excluding at V8, while there was an inter-annual shift in index means (1.23 vs 0.84). Both root failure moment and wind resultant moment increased first and then decreased with the growth stage, and their influence on root anti-lodging index varied with the year. At wind grade 6, effect sizes, as contribution to root anti-lodging index, of root moment and wind moment were respectively 0.88 and 0.98. The difference in anti-lodging index between cultivars seemed to be disappearing as wind grade goes up. Root failure moment of force positively related to single root tensile resistance, root-soil ball volume, root number and total root length, whose correlation coefficient was the maximum of 0.94. Root anti-lodging index of maize proved stable from V8 on during whole growth period, and vertical leaf area distribution played a substantial role in maize root lodging in terms of wind resultant moment. Our findings provide the insights into root lodging events in crops such as maize, and would serve an approach to assessing crop root lodging resistance in breeding and cultivation programs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of root lodging resistance during whole growth period in maize using the anti-lodging index defined as root failure moment divided by wind resultant moment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohu Wang ◽  
Yinchang Lin ◽  
Wei Han ◽  
Zhaoyu Song ◽  
Shengjian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Single Root ◽  
Vertical Leaf ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Root Lodging ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

Abstract Background: Root lodging due to strong storm wind is a common problem in maize (Zea mays) production, leading to reduced crop yield and quality and harvest efficiency. Little information is available on quantifying effects of vertical leaf area distribution on root lodging in crops such as maize. The anti-lodging index of root was computed by the formula: ALroot = Mroot / Mwind, where AL denotes anti-lodging index, and M moment of force. Root failure moment of force equals to moment arm times max root side-pulling force measured in situ by means of the digital pole dynamometer, and wind resultant moment of force is estimated with vertical leaf area distribution and wind speed. Two maize cultivars, with contrasting root lodging resistance, were examined at 5 different growth stages from V8 to physiological maturity in 2019 and 2020, in Qingdao, China. Results: Root anti-lodging index in tested cultivars fluctuated to a small extent within any year during whole growth period excluding at V8, while there was an inter-annual shift in index means (1.23 vs 0.84). Both root failure moment and wind resultant moment increased first and then decreased with the growth stage, and their influence on root anti-lodging index varied with the year. At wind grade 6, effect sizes, as contribution to root anti-lodging index, of root moment and wind moment were respectively 0.88 and 0.98. The difference in anti-lodging index between cultivars seemed to be disappearing as wind grade goes up. Root failure moment of force positively related to single root tensile resistance, root-soil ball volume, root number and total root length, whose correlation coefficient was the maximum of 0.94. Conclusion: Root anti-lodging index of maize proved stable from V8 on during whole growth period, and vertical leaf area distribution played a substantial role in maize root lodging in terms of wind resultant moment. Our findings provide the insights into root lodging events in crops such as maize, and would serve an approach to assessing crop root lodging resistance in breeding and cultivation programs.

Vertical leaf area distribution, light transmittance, and application of the Beer–Lambert Law in four mature hardwood stands in the southern Appalachians

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1036-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Vose ◽  
Barton D. Clinton ◽  
Neal H. Sullivan ◽  
Paul V. Bolstad
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Independent Set ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Vertical Leaf ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

We quantified stand leaf area index and vertical leaf area distribution, and developed canopy extinction coefficients (k), in four mature hardwood stands. Leaf area index, calculated from litter fall and specific leaf area (c2•g−1), ranged from 4.3 to 5.4 m2•m−2. In three of the four stands, leaf area was distributed in the upper canopy. In the other stand, leaf area was uniformly distributed throughout the canopy. Variation in vertical leaf area distribution was related to the size and density of upper and lower canopy trees. Light transmittance through the canopies followed the Beer–Lambert Law, and k values ranged from 0.53 to 0.67. Application of these k values to an independent set of five hardwood stands with validation data for light transmittance and litter-fall leaf area index yielded variable results. For example, at k = 0.53, calculated leaf area index was within ± 10% of litter-fall estimates for three of the five sites, but from −35 to + 85% different for two other sites. Averaged across all validation sites, litter-fall leaf area index and Beer-Lambert leaf area index predictions were in much closer agreement ( ± 7 to ± 15%).

Leaf orientation and sunlit leaf area distribution in cotton

1997 ◽  
Vol 86 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sornprach Thanisawanyangkura ◽  
Herve Sinoquet ◽  
Pierre Rivet ◽  
Michel Cretenet ◽  
Eric Jallas
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Orientation ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

scholarly journals Response of Soil Temperature, Moisture, and Spring Maize (Zea mays L.) Root/Shoot Growth to Different Mulching Materials in Semi-Arid Areas of Northwest China

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Haidong Lu ◽  
Zhenqing Xia ◽  
Yafang Fu ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Jiquan Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spring Maize

Adaptive highly efficient mulching technologies for use on dryland agricultural ecosystems are crucial to improving crop productivity and water-use efficiency (WUE) under climate change. Little information is available on the effect of using different types of mulch on soil water thermal conditions, or on root/shoot trait, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), yield, and WUE of spring maize. Hence, in this study, white transparent plastic film (WF), black plastic film (BF), and maize straw (MS) was used, and the results were compared with a non-mulched control (CK). The results showed that the mean soil temperature throughout the whole growth period of maize at the 5–15 cm depth under WF and BF was higher than under MS and CK, but under BF, it was 0.6 °C lower than WF. Compared with CK, the average soil water storage (0–200 cm) over the whole growth period of maize was significantly increased under WF, BF, and MS. WF and BF increased the soil water and temperature during the early growth stages of maize and significantly increased root/shoot biomass, root volume, LAI, LAD, and yield compared with MS. Higher soil temperatures under WF obviously reduced the duration of maize reproductive growth and accelerated root and leaf senescence, leading to small root/shoot biomass accumulation post-tasseling and to losses in yield compared with BF

Mechanism for the enhanced effect of mowing followed by glyphosate application to resprouts of perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium)

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Renz ◽  
Joseph M. DiTomaso
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Deposition Pattern ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

Herbicides currently registered for use near water have been ineffective for control of perennial pepperweed. Previous research has demonstrated that mowing followed by an application of glyphosate at 3.33 kg ae ha−1to resprouting tissue can enhance the control of perennial pepperweed. The objectives of this study were to determine the mechanism(s) responsible for the enhanced effectiveness of glyphosate in combination with mowing. Mowing plants altered the leaf area distribution within the canopy. In mowed areas, the majority of leaf area was in the basal third of the canopy, whereas the bulk of the leaf area was in the top third of the canopy in unmowed plots. This change in plant architecture affected the deposition pattern of the spray solution. Unmowed plants retained 49 to 98% and 42 to 83% of a dye solution within the middle and top thirds of the canopy at the Colusa and Woodland sites, respectively, with only 1.9 to 6.0% dye deposited on the basal third of the canopy at both sites. In contrast, mowed plants had 18 to 34% and 26 to 70% of the dye retained in the basal third of the canopy at the Colusa and Woodland sites, respectively. Greenhouse studies showed that14C-glyphosate applied to basal leaves of mowed plants translocated significantly more to belowground tissue. Unmowed plants accumulated 0.37% of the applied14C-glyphosate in belowground tissue 48 h after labeling. In contrast, mowed plants accumulated 6.7%14C-glyphosate in the belowground tissue. In field studies, estimates of basipetal seasonal translocation rates using total nonstructural carbohydrate pools of roots indicate that mowing did not change the translocation rate. However, the delay in application timing to allow plants to resprout appeared to synchronize applications with maximal translocation of carbohydrates to belowground structures. We hypothesize that the change in the canopy structure of perennial pepperweed after mowing results in fewer aboveground sinks and greater deposition of herbicide to basal leaves where it can preferentially be translocated to the root system. Furthermore, the delay between mowing and resprouting synchronized maximal belowground translocation rates with herbicide application timing. These factors all appear to be involved in the observed enhanced control of perennial pepperweed when combining mowing and glyphosate.

scholarly journals Stand biometry and leaf area distribution in an old olive grove at Andria, southern Italy

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Čermák ◽  
Jan Gašpárek ◽  
Francesca De Lorenzi ◽  
Hamlyn G. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Olive Grove ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

scholarly journals Leaf Area Distribution of Tomato Plants as Influenced by Polyethylene Mulch Surface Color

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Axillary Leaf ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

The influence of polyethylene (plastic) mulch surface color (white versus black) on leaf area distribution of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) was investigated in simulated planting beds at two sampling periods: an early sampling with relatively young plants that had been in the mulch treatment for 22 days and a late sampling with relatively mature plants that had been in the mulch treatments for 50 days. At the early sampling period, tomato plants grown with white mulch had more axillary leaves than plants in the black mulch, resulting in a greater axillary:main leaf area ratio for the plants with white mulch. Leaf area for total leaves (main + axillary) and plant biomass was unaffected by mulch surface color at the early sampling period. Tomato plants grown in black mulch at the early sampling period had significantly more area of main leaves partitioned to node 3, whereas plants grown in white mulch had more area of main leaves in nodes 8 and 9. Plants grown in the white mulch treatment had significantly more axillary leaf area at nodes 1, 2, and 3, whereas plants in black mulch had more axillary leaf area at node 6. At the later sampling period, most of the leaf area from both mulch treatments was recorded in the axillary leaves and there was no effect of mulch surface color on the amount of total leaf area partitioned to main, axillary, or total leaves; to the amount of biomass of the measured top growth; or to the nodal distribution of leaf area among main leaves or axillary leaves. Tomato plants in white mulch had significantly more fruit on plants at the later sampling period than plants in the black mulch. Mulch surface color also affected the plant light environment and soil temperatures. These results suggest that the polyethylene mulch surface color can induce changes in the plant microclimate and affect leaf area distribution of young tomato plants (as recorded at the early sampling) and fruiting of relatively more mature plants (as recorded at the later sampling).

Nodal Leaf Area Distribution in Soybean Plants Grown in High Yield Environments

2011 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1198-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Setiyono ◽  
A. M. Bastidas ◽  
K. G. Cassman ◽  
A. Weiss ◽  
A. Dobermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

Architecture of Individual Plants in a Field-Grown Tobacco Crop

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Whitfield ◽  
DJ Connor
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Three Dimensional Display ◽  
Architectural Characteristics ◽  
Row Space ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

The three-dimensional display of each leaf of a number of adjacent plants was measured with a spatial coordinate apparatus on five occasions during the growth of a tobacco crop. Several architectural characteristics of the foliage display were estimated from these data. A truncated ellipsoid adequately described plant extent and allowed the calculation and analysis of vertical profiles of leaf area distribution within the plant volume. Foliage densities ranged between 5 and 12 m-1 in small plants and in the upper regions of larger plants. Plants with leaf areas in excess of 0.8 m2 had a leaf area density of approximately 3.2 m-1. In mature crops, the foliage extended further into the inter-row space than into the space occupied by neighbouring plants in the row. Mean leaf angle was 40° and elevation distributions were remarkably similar throughout growth and development. Foliage inclination consistently decreased with depth in the canopy. Azimuth distributions of foliage were not significantly different from that of a uniform distribution. The data are discussed in the context of assumptions that are commonly used in representations of canopy structure.

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