scholarly journals Obtaining the relativistic formula for the refraction of light and the practice of its application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Chernov
Keyword(s):  
High Accuracy ◽  
Atomic Level ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Dispersion Formula ◽  
Relativistic Formula ◽  
Speed Of Propagation ◽  
Electron Clouds ◽  
Physical Formula

Abstract The aim of this scientific study was to obtain a new physical formula for determining the refractive indices of light as a function of wavelength, which can be applied to the widest range of transparent substances. This study was based on the hypothesis of the dependence of the speed of propagation of photons inside matter on the density of electron clouds of atoms of matter. In the course of research on the basis of Einstein's relativistic formula, this dispersion formula was obtained. The new physical formula was used to calculate 26 refractive indices of light in 5 transparent substances in three states of aggregation. Comparison of the obtained indicators with laboratory indicators showed the high accuracy of the new dispersion formula, which amounted to T10 -7h10 -5 in the calculated wavelength ranges of more than 100 nm. The successful application of the relativistic formula to processes occurring at the atomic level allows us to look at the nature of the interaction of light and matter from a new angle.

scholarly journals Obtaining the relativistic formula for the refraction of light and the practice of its application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Chernov
Keyword(s):  
High Accuracy ◽  
Atomic Level ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Dispersion Formula ◽  
Relativistic Formula ◽  
Speed Of Propagation ◽  
Electron Clouds ◽  
Physical Formula

Abstract The aim of this scientific study was to obtain a new physical formula for determining the refractive indices of light as a function of wavelength, which can be applied to the widest range of transparent substances. This study was based on the hypothesis of the dependence of the speed of propagation of photons inside matter on the density of electron clouds of atoms of matter. In the course of research on the basis of Einstein's relativistic formula, this dispersion formula was obtained. The new physical formula was used to calculate 26 refractive indices of light in 5 transparent substances in three states of aggregation. Comparison of the obtained indicators with laboratory indicators showed the high accuracy of the new dispersion formula, which amounted to T10 -7h10 -5 in the calculated wavelength ranges of more than 100 nm. The successful application of the relativistic formula to processes occurring at the atomic level allows us to look at the nature of the interaction of light and matter from a new angle.

scholarly journals «New dispersion formula and results of its application»

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Chernov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Dispersion Formula ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Universal Category ◽  
Relativistic Formula ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Speed Of Propagation ◽  
New Formula ◽  
Electron Clouds ◽  
Physical Formula

Abstract The aim of the study was to obtain a new physical formula for determining the refractive indices of light as a function of wavelength, which can be applied to a wide range of transparent substances. In the process of research on the basis of Einstein's relativistic formula, such a dispersion formula was obtained. Comparison of the obtained indicators with laboratory indicators showed the high accuracy of the new dispersion formula, which was ±10 -7-10 -5 in the calculated wavelength ranges of more than 100 nm. The new dispersion formula is obtained on the basis of the mathematical dependence of the speed of propagation of photons in a transparent substance on the energy density of electron clouds of atoms of the substance. Energy is a universal category, therefore, it is possible to apply the basic version of the new formula (where instead of the wavelength there is the energy density of electron clouds) when conducting research in all areas of light generation, manipulation and detection. And, finally, the very fact of applying the adapted relativistic Einstein's formula to physical processes occurring at the atomic level allows us to look at the nature of the interaction of light and matter from a new angle.

New dispersion formula and results of its application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Chernov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Dispersion Formula ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Universal Category ◽  
Relativistic Formula ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Speed Of Propagation ◽  
New Formula ◽  
Electron Clouds ◽  
Physical Formula

Abstract The aim of the study was to obtain a new physical formula for determining the refractive indices of light as a function of wavelength, which can be applied to a wide range of transparent substances. In the process of research on the basis of Einstein's relativistic formula, such a dispersion formula was obtained. Comparison of the obtained indicators with laboratory indicators showed the high accuracy of the new dispersion formula, which was ±10 -7 − 10 -5 in the calculated wavelength ranges of more than 100 nm.The new dispersion formula is obtained on the basis of the mathematical dependence of the speed of propagation of photons in a transparent substance on the energy density of electron clouds of atoms of the substance. Energy is a universal category, therefore, it is possible to apply the basic version of the new formula (where instead of the wavelength there is the energy density of electron clouds) when conducting research in all areas of light generation, manipulation and detection.And, finally, the very fact of applying the adapted relativistic Einstein's formula to physical processes occurring at the atomic level allows us to look at the nature of the interaction of light and matter from a new angle.

scholarly journals The refractive Indices of sulphuric acid at different concentrations

1905 ◽  
Vol 76 (512) ◽  
pp. 469-487 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Water Density ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dispersion Formula ◽  
Cent Concentration ◽  
Chemical Constitution

During the past 60 years various determinations have been published of the refractive indices of sulphuric acid for different concentrations and different rays for the purposes of tracing out the relationships between the refractive energies, dispersion, and chemical constitution. Some observers have published isolated determinations, others more or less connected series, according to the object in view. Baden Powell appears to have been the first to give values of the refrac­tive indices of the Fraunhofer lines B, C, D, E, F, G, and H for a sample of acid d 18·5/? = 1·835 (about 94·5 per cent, concentration), though the tem­perature of the water density is not given. The object of this work was for the purpose of comparing the observed results for μ B etc., with those calculated by Sir W. R. Hamilton’s modification of Cauchy’s dispersion formula.

scholarly journals Propagation Analysis of the Coronavirus Pandemic on the Light of the Percolation Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moez Guettari ◽  
Ahmed El Aferni
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Percolation Theory ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Boltzman Equation ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Propagation Analysis ◽  
Speed Of Propagation

Efforts to combat the Covid-19 pandemic have not been limited to the processes of vaccine production, but they first began to analyze the dynamics of the epidemic’s spread so that they could adopt barrier measures to bypass the spread. To do this, the works of modeling, predicting and analyzing the spread of the virus continue to increase day after day. In this context, the aim of this chapter is to analyze the propagation of the Coronavirus pandemic by using the percolation theory. In fact, an analogy was established between the electrical conductivity of reverse micelles under temperature variation and the spread of the Coronavirus pandemic. So, the percolation theory was used to describe the cumulate infected people versus time by using a modified Sigmoid Boltzman equation (MSBE) and several quantities are introduced such as: the pandemic percolation time, the maximum infected people, the time constant and the characteristic contamination frequency deduced from Arrhenius equation. Scaling laws and critical exponents are introduced to describe the spread nature near the percolation time. The speed of propagation is also proposed and expressed. The novel approach based on the percolation theory was used to study the Coronavirus (Covid-19) spread in five countries: France, Italy, Germany, China and Tunisia, during 6 months of the pandemic spread (the first wave). So, an explicit expression connecting the number of people infected versus time is proposed to analyze the pandemic percolation. The reported MSBE fit results for the studied countries showed high accuracy.

Structural Response of Metal Crystallite with BCC Lattice on Atomic Level under Nanoindentation

2013 ◽  
Vol 592-593 ◽  
pp. 55-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitrij Sergeevich Kryzhevich ◽  
Aleksandr Vyacheslavovich Korhuganov ◽  
Konstantin Petrovich Zolnikov ◽  
Sergei Grigorievich Psakhye
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Atomic Level ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Embedded Atom Method ◽  
Free Surfaces ◽  
Embedded Atom ◽  
Bcc Lattice

Molecular dynamics investigation of metal crystallite with bcc lattice under nanoindentation was carried out. Potentials of interatomic interactions were calculated on the base of the approximation of the embedded atom method. The potentials chosen make it possible to describe with a high accuracy the elastic and surface properties of the simulated metal and energy parameters of defects, which is important for solution of the task posed in the work. For clarity and simpler indentation data interpretation, an extended cylindrical indenter was used in the investigation and loading was realized by its lateral surface. The simulated crystallite had a parallelepiped shape. The loaded plane of crystallite was modeled as a free surface while the positions of atoms in the opposite plane of crystallite were fixed along the indentation direction. Other planes of crystallite were simulated as free surfaces. The indenter velocity varied from 5 to 25 m/s in different calculations. The loading of the model crystallite was realized at 300 K. Influence of interfaces (free surfaces and grain boundaries) on peculiarities of plastic deformation nucleation and interactions of generated structural defects with interfaces in simulated crystallite under nanoindentation were investigated.

Average value of the shape and direction factor in the equation of refractive index

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (29) ◽  
pp. 1750263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Theoretical Calculation ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Electromagnetic Induction ◽  
Optical Materials ◽  
Electron Cloud ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Electron Clouds ◽  
Induction Energy

The theoretical calculation of the refractive indices is of great significance for the developments of new optical materials. The calculation method of refractive index, which was deduced from the electron-cloud-conductor model, contains the shape and direction factor [Formula: see text]. [Formula: see text] affects the electromagnetic-induction energy absorbed by the electron clouds, thereby influencing the refractive indices. It is not yet known how to calculate [Formula: see text] value of non-spherical electron clouds. In this paper, [Formula: see text] value is derived by imaginatively dividing the electron cloud into numerous little volume elements and then regrouping them. This paper proves that [Formula: see text] when molecules’ spatial orientations distribute randomly. The calculations of the refractive indices of several substances validate this equation. This result will help to promote the application of the calculation method of refractive index.

scholarly journals SURVEY OF SELECTED PROCEDURES FOR THE INDIRECT DETERMINATION OF THE GROUP REFRACTIVE INDEX OF AIR

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Filip Dvořáček
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Distance Measurement ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Laser Tracker ◽  
Atmospheric Parameters ◽  
Indirect Determination ◽  
Group Refractive Index ◽  
Laser Interferometers

The main aim of the research was to evaluate numeric procedures of the indirect determination of the group refractive index of air and to choose the suitable ones for requirements of ordinary and high accuracy distance measurement in geodesy and length metrology. For this purpose, 10 existing computation methods were derived from various authors’ original publications and all were analysed for wide intervals of wavelengths and atmospheric parameters. The determination of the phase and the group refractive indices are essential parts in the evaluation of the first velocity corrections of laser interferometers and electronic distance meters. The validity of modern procedures was tested with respect to updated CIPM-2007 equations of the density of air. The refraction model of Leica AT401 laser tracker was analysed.

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